December 30

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Today we have a letter from G.I. Harry Lowell written at a USO center in Southern California while stationed at the Desert Training Center.

December 30, 1943

Dear Eva,

Three cheers! You saved me from a case of acute flatness of my pocketbook; many thanks for your thoughtful Christmas present. I also want to acknowledge your long letter from the 10th.
My intentions of answering it promptly were good, but as usual something always turned up to interfere with my correspondence. You know, whenever I decide to write to you I bear in mind to word my letter in a “fireside-chat” manner instead of just scribbling the conventional news and unimportant things – as I do in letters to the family. To cut it short, I want to carry on a correspondence with you, that would be equal to informal chats between brother and sister. Ugh, I have spoken.

I had a good laugh out of that matter of Turkish translation; don’t you think that the best thing to do was to send the paper registered to Washington with an explaining letter? Well, they’ll probably draft you anyhow; so don’t worry.

I have been kept quite busy with our intensive training for the last few weeks. I had a lot of fun at the anti-aircraft gunnery school in the desert, where I stayed one week and learned the art of shooting down planes, retail and wholesale. During that week I wasn’t able to shave nor to take a shower; oink, oink, what a feeling of dirty comfort that was! (Confidentially, I would have liked a bath.)

As you know, I am “practically on the boat” as we were told by our officers. Tonight, was the last night that we could go to town. We have been issued new clothing and equipment. Well, it won’t be long now.

I am a real, live nephew of Uncle Sam now. Vive L’Amerique! I sent the paper to Tillie for safe-keeping.

I was invited Christmas Day to the house of the former farm advisor of this county; he is a most interesting and intelligent man who’s been all over the world. We had a nice talk and he gave me good advice and offered a few expert suggestions as to farms in California. Your brother gets around, doesn’t he? The day after Christmas I was introduced to some more nice people who have a nice Victrola, a beautiful home – and the lady is a good cook. I met all these people through a schoolteacher who took a liking to me at the U.S.O. and who has made me her “nephew”; she has some more adopted “nephews” in the army.

How is everything in the beautiful city of San Francisco? Did you have a nice Christmas?

As soon as I reach my destination you will be getting a change of address card denoting my mailing address.

When I got my citizenship papers, the judge had to hold a special session just for me. Usually they give talks to a whole bunch of men, but due to hurried circumstances, the court had to open for me; I felt honored, indeed.

Well, I’ll write you soon if they let me write from the port; otherwise you’ll hear from me when I get “there.”

Love,
Harry
Homo Americanus

P.S. Give my regards to the family at “2266.”


In the February 3rd post, we saw a 1944 V-mail letter Harry wrote to Eva, addressed to 2266-22nd Avenue in San Francisco, where she was renting from the mother of a friend from nursing school – see November 7th post. In the latter post, Harry counsels his sister to find a way to get along with the family. She escapes the family dynamics by moving out.

Thanks to enlisting in the army, Harry was able to expedite his citizenship. Despite Harry’s thought, Eva was not drafted and she appears to have given up the thought of joining the Nurses Corps on her own(which would have allowed her to get as far away from the family as possible and likely necessitated translating her Turkish passport). Eva signed the Oath of Allegiance and became a citizen on January 8, 1945, just a few days before her marriage. On the same form, she officially changed her last name from Cohen to Lowell (and just days later would change it to Goldsmith!).

December 21

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Today we have an early letter from Helene in Vienna to her children in San Francisco – 18-year old Eva and 15-year old Harry.

Clipper letter No. 8, 21st December 1939

I-A-Eva!
Hi-Ha-Harry!

Two months ago today — it’s been exactly 9 weeks since you arrived in Frisco and I can only imagine your impressions of the new world, because no news from you has reached us. For heaven’s sake, not all the ships that might have brought your letters can have sunk. Have you written us by air letter? I don’t understand why other people are getting post. I hope you will get the letter from Olga pretty soon and that you will answer please.

Nothing has happened to us, and my head is doing its best to entertain you, but it’s not working today. You probably don't care very much about letters – you have new experiences every day simply because the way of life there is quite different from ours – quite apart from the current situation. I hope one day to find all about all these differences and how you feel about them when the post is working better. For now, this waste of time waiting around is bothering me, and as much as I’d like to do it, I can’t write to all my loved ones because I would have to use a dictionary for every word, so unfamiliar to me is any kind of intellectual activity right now. Please, excuses to all. A letter from you would really awaken my lust for living and give me the ability to express my feelings and thoughts again

Today I’ll leave you with this letter, which was only intended as a sign of life, and my current reluctance to write will soon turn into the opposite again.

With countless greetings and kisses to you and all the loved ones, I am your mother.

Helene


Helene begins this letter to her children by playing with the vowel sounds of the first syllables of their names. In yesterday’s post, we saw a letter she wrote to Hilda — written a year later than this one — where she parodied a popular children’s Christmas song. I wonder whether she was humming it as she wrote today’s letter? And perhaps subtly invoking the tune in her children’s minds as she began the letter.

Although we can’t read the first impressions they sent their parents, we have the letter Eva wrote to their cousin Paul Zerzawy who met their ship in New York in October and put them safely on the train to San Francisco.

December 7

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Today’s letter is from G.I. Harry Lowell at the California Desert Training Center to his sister Eva in San Francisco.

December 7, 1943

Beloved Sister,

It is with great pleasure that I received both your letters.

Well, first of all I want you to know how glad I am that you have found a good and well-paid job. Now that you are the capitalist of the Lowell family, you’ll be able to do a little saving on the side – I guess I don’t have to tell you that. As to my promotion in the army right now, chances are very slim, indeed. The only way that I can get a rank or rating is by somebody’s elimination [?] or transfer. I am doing some brushing up in Spanish, math, physics, and I may start some other language. Then I’ll take over my I.Q. test and try to get 140; if I can make that high an I.Q., I’ll be general before my next birthday.

So you finally moved, eh? Is the new place nicer than the old one? As to your bedroom suite I could get you some mahogany-ultra-modern-hazelnut-finished army cots if you need them very bad.

We had some rain lately, and the mountains that surround the camp have a thin – very thin – cover of snow; they look pretty.

How is Hilda getting along? Let me know how her state of mind is, so that I can write my letters to her accordingly. The last two letters to her have been on the cheerful side.

What are you and Ursula doing in your spare time? Have you been boating or horseback riding yet?

How is your beau Walter? Hahaha!

Have you seen any good pictures lately? I haven’t.

I suppose S.F. looks like a big ant hill, with all the people hustling to get their Christmas shopping done. San Bernardino is a sucker’s paradise, therefore I won’t buy you anything this year – unless I can get to L.A. As for a present to me, use your head and judgement, I don’t need any clothes or books. (Use algebra to find x=present; you know, the system of cancellation of factors.)

Well, that’s all for today. My best regards to everyone.

Your baby-brother,
Harry

P.S. That Turkish actor’s name is Turhan Bey.
P.P.S. Note my new address:
3352nd QM Truck Company
APO 181, Postmaster,
Los Angeles
P.P.S.S. The joke was pretty good.
P.P.P.S.S. What’s the name of that fancy restaurant you talked about in your letter?
P.P.P.S.S.S. Even if I didn’t remember the poems, at least my grammar was correct. (Did I have a hard time, too!)


Despite his light tone, Harry touches on a more serious issue when he suggests that his sister save part of her paycheck – an unspoken reminder of their parents’ plight and their hope to bring them to the U.S. after the war.

According to Wikipedia, Turhan Bey “was an Austrian-born actor of Turkish and Czech-Jewish origins.” Just like Harry and Eva! He “was dubbed ‘The Turkish Delight’ by his fans and acted in dozens of Hollywood movies.

The last P.S. refers to the letter he wrote in German a few weeks earlier, which we saw in the November 8th post.

I don’t know whether Eva and Ursula — a friend from nursing school — ever went horseback riding together. The photo below was taken a few years later (cigarette in hand) – my mother’s recollection was that it was taken in 1947.

December 5

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Today we have another early letter from Helene in Vienna, at a time when she and Vitali were confident that they would soon be following their children to San Francisco.

Vienna 5 December 1939

My dear children! An eventful week has just passed for me. We got mail 2 days in a row, but unfortunately not from you. Olga N acknowledged my card which I wrote on November 23, yesterday. It of course reached her late as seems obligatory. She told me that she sent a message to you immediately upon receiving it on the 30th of November. The second letter was from Mila and Nervi [?] and we found out that Robert is Ayrshire. He is feeling well and glad to hear the same about you and Paul. I am happy at least to receive good news from all of you in indirectly. And as an unkillable optimist, I believe that one or the other of the letters written will reach you.

Otherwise, it is fairly quiet in Seidlgasse. Yesterday it was a very lovely springlike day. Papa called to invite me to take an evening walk. We walked first through the dark streets and then we came to the Red Tower movie house. There was a shoot ‘em up film being shown and since it was about the construction of the Pacific-Railway, we went in. Harry would be very surprised because we don’t like things about shooting anymore. But at the end, when the train in its current form rushed across the movie screen, my heart stopped for just a few seconds at the thought that my children were just recently sitting in such a monster of steel and iron. Really, a lot of what has happened to you is so problematic for me and my imagination is certainly quite different from what it was.

The truth is that I feel old as the hills and I feel like a hen would feel if she were hatching duck eggs and I am clucking. When the young ones go to the water and happily swim away from her for the first time, she probably can’t believe her eyes in that situation. But I’m an intelligent hen, and even if I do cluck sometimes, I am happy to know that you are with people who are good and noble.

Please kids, be detailed in your reports, write me about each and every thing, and you may imagine that your letters will reach me someday and that I will be informed by letter about everything. I know it’s a lot to ask in such a completely different environment from where you’ve been before, but I think it’s justified.

After 9 in the morning, the whole day is pretty uninteresting to me. There are just so many minutes until the next time I get mail and a lot of what has happened is really not that essential to me.

What I also want to tell you is please don’t get mad if I mention something that is kind of obvious -- don’t forget to write to Olga. First, it is possible for me to get news and besides it is as somebody once said that you only recognize the value of a person except on the worst days. Olga invited me to spend some time with her before we say good-bye to Seidlgasse forever.  I wasn’t wrong about Hedy either. She arrived at my birthday with a piece of butter which her parents had given her so she’d have something to eat on her trip. Touching, isn’t it? In these days, we are doubly thankful for proof that humanity still exists.

For statistical reasons, I am mentioning that this is the 3rd Clipper letter which I have sent. The others don’t count.

To all the dear ones, many, many greetings and to each one of you, thank you very much.

Many, many kisses
Mutti


After just a few weeks’ separation, Helene realizes that mail is unreliable and asks Eva and Harry to write to friends and relatives in the hope that news about her children will reach her through their letters. Helene mentioned her friend Olga in several Vienna letters, including one in which we learned that her last name was Nussbaum. I did a quick search on Ancestry and found a physician named Olga Nussbaum who was born in Vienna and was a year younger than Helene. She was living in England by 1941, moved to Los Angeles in 1948, and returned to Vienna a few years later. She may be the correct Olga, but who knows?  

Cecil B. DeMille directed a movie that came out in 1939 entitled Union Pacific — perhaps that is the film that Helene and Vitali saw. The trailer would strike terror in anyone considering a cross-country train trip, such as the one Helene’s children had taken just six weeks earlier.

Piecing together my family’s story has not been altogether straightforward. My mother had some letters and papers, her brother had others, and some were originally in their cousin Paul Zerzawy’s possession and ultimately were kept and organized separately. In 2006, I discovered the 1945-1946 letters written by Helene from Istanbul. I could read the few that were in English, and from those I learned more detail about my grandmother’s wartime experience. I made copies for Harry, thinking he’d like to see old letters from his mother, having no idea about the hundreds of letters he had stashed away. After Harry’s death in 2017, I didn’t know which of the letters were worth translating, so my translator friend Roslyn and I began with the typed letters, which were easier to decipher. Thus, Roslyn didn’t translate the first letters Helene wrote by hand to her children until after she had translated most of the later Vienna letters.  

December 1

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Today we see one of the first letters Helene wrote from Vienna after her children had left for America. At this point, Eva and Harry had been in San Francisco for about six weeks. 18-year old Eva was living with Helene’s cousin Bertha and her husband George Schiller; 15-year old Harry was with Helene’s cousin’s daughter Hilda and her husband Nathan Firestone. On the front page, she writes in German to her children, and on the back in English to the Firestones. Because the Schillers and Firestones did not live in the same neighborhood, Eva and Harry attended different high schools.

Vienna, Dec 1, 1939

My dear children, I am going to ignore the fact that I haven’t gotten any letters and I am going to write anyway, hoping that one letter or the other will reach its intended goal. The most important thing this week: Beppo wrote that we should not think that he is just sitting there with his hands in his lap. He’s doing everything he can and is asking just that we have a little bit of patience. Fortune’s brother is not allowed to work at all. As soon as I know more details, I will let you know. You know Vitali only by name, right? There’s nothing new here. Except for Jo and Paula, I don’t really see anybody because of the ... blackouts. We spend the evening writing or playing Tric-Trac. In our thoughts we are always with you, every minute. What time is it in America, and we are imagining: “I wonder what the kids are doing now.” We would love to know how you’re doing and if you have gotten used to it and how you spend your time. Eventually the post will come and we will no longer have this insecurity. Unfortunately, I cannot write anything more right now. Otherwise, the letter will be too heavy.

Greetings and kisses to all the dear ones from us.

Many many kisses
Mutti


Vienna, Dec 1, 1939

Dear Hilda and dear Nathan,

Nearly 5 weeks Harry is in your home and I hope you will not have much trouble with him. In my thoughts I am in your circle, I listen to your talks, doing my works mechanical and counting the days which we are obliged to be here. With all my heart I wish to know how you are and I hope the children will bring life in your house, but perhaps it is that which you don’t want, perhaps you are wanting silence. Please in this case excuse them. Youth is aloud and vivid, but they are intelligent enough to respect your customs and will surely being endeavored not to disturb you so much. Excuse my bad English. It is very difficult for me to concentrate and to express my thoughts in a language which I can use no practice.

Please give my best greetings and wishes to all our relatives.

In love and gratitude I am

yours truly
Helen


This is one of the few letters from 1939-1941 that Helene wrote by hand. Soon she would begin typing her letters, in the hope that they would be more legible for the censors and therefore might make it to their destination. She signs her letter “Mutti” (“Mom”). In most future letters to her children, she signs her name. I think Helene’s question about knowing Vitali by name is to let Eva and Harry know how hard he is working to get them to America – how “vitally” he is working on their behalf.

In the letter to Hilda on the back, Helene acknowledges that her English isn’t great, attributing it to the stressful situation and lack of practice. By the time she wrote from Istanbul in 1946, she was far more fluent. As I wrote in an early post, I believe that she worked on improving her English while at Ravensbrück.

November 27

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One thing I’ve missed in my family archive is the sound of my mother’s voice – I have the letters she received, but very few of the ones she sent. We’ve gotten to know the rest of the family, but have heard little directly from her. I was thrilled to find the few letters she wrote to her cousin Paul Zerzawy – 18-year old Eva in Istanbul (June 12th post) and upon arrival in San Francisco (October 23rd post).

Recently, I recalled that I have dozens of letters written by my mother, most of which she wrote to me during my junior year in college in 1978-1979 in southern France. I too kept every letter! One of the gifts of letters from long ago is that we get a sense of the times as they were happening, rather than some foggy feeling for the distant past. We see how the everyday world continues, even as sometimes the world seems to be spinning out of control.

November 27, 1978

Dear Helen,

If this letter is somewhat incoherent, you have to blame the state of shock due to the happenings in SF or related to SF for the past 10 days. I don’t know how much news you get in France about the US except that the events have been unbelievable. Before I start with personal news I better bring you up to date to the events I mentioned above. For the last week or so TV & radio had only reports on the tragedy in Guyana and most people in the mass suicide were Bay Area residents. It was a colony of a SF-based “religious group” which was located in the old synagogue on Fillmore & Geary & set up the colony in Guyana which was being investigated because the followers were not allowed to return to SF. The mass suicide involved over 900 people. You can imagine what the topic of conversation was wherever you went with all the newspapers & other media filled with it. Today as we finished up the clinic, the news came in that Mayor Moscone & Supervisor Milk (the spokesman for the gay community) had been killed by an ex-supervisor who resigned early this month, but changed his mind and wanted to be reinstated and must have gone berserk when his chances dwindled. Now you will understand my state of mind at this time.

When I received your card I started a letter to you and intended to finish it in my lunch hour, since my German dictionary was on my desk and I wanted to write a correctly spelled note regarding my birth certificate. Needless to say, I never got to the letter and to top it all I forgot your card and the letter I had written on the weekend in the office. Now I don’t have your new address and have to wait for tomorrow’s lunch hour and hope nothing will prevent me from sending it.

Now that I got all this out of my system, I can finish on a more personal note.

I am sure happy to hear that your move materialized and that you will have the experience you anticipated. I guess you will be able to use the recipes after all. How are you doing with the caterpillars? Did you ever get your winter clothes? Be sure to take the warmest clothes to Vienna. You might have to buy some snow boots (high waterproof boots). I don’t understand the telephone number. If I call do I have to ask for the “Poste”? I’ll wait to see my telephone bill before I do this however; and let me know the best time to reach you. Is this telephone actually in the people’s house?

Talking about Beethoven, Friday was the last opera this season and it was Fidelio by you know who. After the opera, we went to Elayne Jones’ house until 2am. She is leaving for Europe 12/12 and had thought of getting in touch with you, but instead is going to Spain. She is meeting her daughter in Rotterdam. Her daughter’s name is Hariette Kaufman; she graduated from Lowell with the class that had their exercise at the Cow Palace. She played cello in the school orchestra. Maybe you know her. She is 19 and teaches Englash in a town in Spain 2x a week. She makes 18,000 pesetas a month & spends 10,000 on room and board. The rest of the money she spends on traveling. I haven’t the vaguest idea how much this amounts to in American currency, but sounds to me that if you need to work only 2x a week, living must be cheap there.

I hope she will give me her address just in case you plan to go to Spain and might want to know somebody there. The town is not one I know, so it might be somewhere in the sticks.

Elayne was shocked to hear that you did not play a musical instrument, since she thought Lowell was geared to music. Do you still want some more of the guitar songs?

It will take me longer than I thought to write a German letter and my lunch hour won’t be long enough today; therefore, I will take my dictionary home and give you all the dope regarding the birth certificate. I am not sure how you will go about it without speaking German. That is the reason I will write a letter in German you can show to the authorities.

Things are quite hectic at work and our staff is getting smaller and smaller and at the same time we have more clinics, classes, etc. in the evening which cuts out all the day work. I don’t know if I told you, but I have to give parent classes and also Health Hazard Appraisals. Me and my big mouth. But the tendency is to give group presentations in preference to individual counseling. Maybe I can salvage my job by getting involved in all these activities. They are still talking about substantial cuts and non-professionals making home visits.

Now without a mayor, it will be difficult to have a budget for the city, because according to the charter, it has to be on the mayor’s desk the first week of Dec.

Well, I better get this off until the next installment.

Love,
Mom


Like Helene’s letters, my mother’s letter gives us a sense of all that was going on for both sender and recipient. She tells me about all that was happening in San Francisco, talks about necessary paperwork, refers to my recent move and to my planned trip to Vienna over Christmas break.

As my mother mentions, November 1978 was a terrifying time for San Francisco – within a few weeks, both Jonestown and the murders of Harvey Milk and George Moscone occurred. I remember wondering whether I would have a place to go home to and imagined what my life would be like if, like my mother did at the same age, suddenly I found myself having to live the rest of my life in France, far away from family and friends. The news did indeed make it to France. At the time, I was renting a garage apartment from an elderly couple. When I got home from school on the day Moscone and Milk were killed, my landlady told me that “the mayor of California” had been shot. I thought they were referring to Jerry Brown, but soon discovered the truth.

My mother would have been touched by these events by the mere fact of living in San Francisco. But in addition, she was employed by the city and county of San Francisco as a public health nurse, and these were people she thought about every day – many of the Jonestown victims might have been her clients when they were in San Francisco, and the city administrators were her employers. I don’t think it occurred to me at the time how much these terrifying events must have struck my mother to the core – she had escaped Europe to the safety of the United States, and her adopted home was feeling far from safe.

My dream of studying abroad included living with a family so that I would have the opportunity to speak French every day. Thus, I wasn’t thrilled to find myself living alone in a garage apartment. Fortunately, I met Marine, who was in one of my classes. We liked each other immediately and she asked her parents if I might rent a room at their house. She was studying English and thought it would be a great way to practice. Happily, her parents said yes. We were both only children and it was fun to each have a sister, if just for a few months. Today’s letter is the first my mother wrote to my new address.

Although she talks of making a phone call, the cost would have felt prohibitive -- at the time, she was reluctant to talk much on the phone to her brother just a few miles away in Berkeley, because even those calls weren’t free. I only recall one call from my mother while I was living there. I remember loving hearing her voice after months apart, but was shocked to hear that she had a German accent! I never heard it when we were. together every day, but after months apart, it was evident. As I think is common for children of immigrants, as a child, it always surprised me when people commented on the accent I couldn’t hear.

The discussion of the quest for a birth certificate brings us back to the main story of the blog. When Eva came to the U.S. in 1939, she did not bring a copy of her birth certificate. Almost 40 years later, my mother was 57 years old and was looking forward to retirement. She was afraid that if she didn’t have a proper birth certificate, it would be difficult to apply for Social Security.  

A friend and I had decided to go to Vienna over Christmas break. Never one to miss an opportunity, my mother hoped I would be able to get a copy of her birth certificate while we were there, despite it being the Christmas holidays and the fact that I didn’t know any German. Ever the optimist! I don’t recall whether I even tried – I’m sure it was beyond my ability and courage. Happily, my mother joined me at the end of my year in Montpellier, and we took a trip together to Vienna, 40 years after she left. One of her goals was to track down that birth certificate – a story worth a post of its own.

My mother inherited her love of opera from her mother. Unfortunately, that love wasn’t part of my genetic inheritance. Happily, I redeemed myself by marrying someone who loved classical music as much as she did.

I think my mother became friends with Elayne Jones through playing tennis. She was a timpanist for the San Francisco Symphony and Opera and led an amazing life.

In a number of letters, the idea of running into or meeting someone in Europe seems natural and inevitable. I never did see or meet the people mentioned in the letters and the likelihood seemed far-fetched. However, at midnight on New Year’s Day in 1979 as we waited for the subway after attending a performance of Strauss’s Die Fledermaus, traditionally performed at that time of year, a voice from the shadows emerged and said “Hello, Helen Goldsmith” – it was someone who had been a housemate when we were studying in Berkeley. She was in Edinburgh for her year abroad. One of the eerier experiences of my life! And yes, I did indeed attend an opera – when in Rome…(or Vienna).

As an aside, my friend Marine and I recently reconnected after decades, through the magic of the internet. Our language skills our rusty – comprehension is good but speaking/writing is a challenge – so she communicates mostly in French and I in English.

November 26

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Today we have a letter from Fritz and Hanne Orlik in Haifa to Paul Zerzawy’s address in New York City. Fritz’s mother was Paul’s father’s third wife, whom he married in 1921, after both boys were adults and out of the house.

26 November 1939
Haifa

Dear Paul!

Despite the fact that we haven’t received any answer from you from our letter of September, I wanted to write to you again assuming that my card may have gotten lost.  

Since we arrived here, which was on September 12, we have not heard from you nor from Mama and Robert. A few days ago, Robert sent us a letter. But that was 14 days ago. You can imagine what it’s like when you’re in a foreign country and you have lost all connections. So, we do ask you to write and give us a sign of life soon. You certainly hear from Mama. What is she doing? Whether Leisl and Leo and Mariana are with her?

Unfortunately, we don’t have much to report. We don’t have work yet. I have decided to do temporary kind of work. At the moment I am working for a manufacturer of rag dolls. But this is not really returning any profit to me. I suppose that I can find some foreign companies to work with. At the moment, however, there’s no hope for that. Are you able to send me something from America? My friend Leo Zwicker is the representative of a hollow glass factory.

Other than that, we are doing quite well with our health, but Hanna is quite scared and is having trouble getting used to being here.

Mama wrote to us in August that you are able to earn your keep, which we’re very happy about, and we want to congratulate you on. We hope that you continue to be well and that your beginnings there weren’t too marred by the vicissitudes of travel. I lost 21 kilograms but I have managed to make up 3-1/2 of those.

Dear Paul! Write soon! And many greetings from your Fritz.

[in different handwriting] Sincere greetings, let us hear from you soon. Your Hanne


In this letter, Fritz refers to an earlier letter that we saw in the September 19th post. The September letter had been written in English and today’s in German (which was indicated on the envelope). Fritz got the idea from a letter his mother that Paul is successful in New York and living the American dream. Unfortunately, that was far from the truth, and no doubt frustrating to and embarrassing for Paul. Paul had been unable to find his footing, while many others (including his aunt Helene and her children) needed his assistance. Unbeknownst to Fritz, at this time Paul had given up hope of making his way in New York and has gone west to San Francisco to join his cousins Eva and Harry, hoping to be more successful there. His host in New York, Arthur Schiller, would have forwarded the letter to his parents in San Francisco, Bertha and George Schiller, with whom Eva was staying.

According to a website that defines terms used in the glass industry,  “Hollow ware” is made “generally of soda-lime glass, but also of crystal, lead crystal and special glasses, hollow ware includes a wide variety of containers and receptacles: container glass (bottles, jars, medical and packaging glass), tableware (drinking glasses, bowls, etc.), construction hollow ware (glass building blocks, etc.), medico-technical glassware (laboratory equipment, tubing, etc.) and lighting glass (lamps, bulbs, etc.).”

I don’t know when Fritz died, but according to geni.com, Hanne died in Berlin in 1964. Since they weren’t happy or successful in Haifa, I imagine they eagerly returned to Europe after the war, despite all that had happened. This appears to have been fairly common – most of the prisoners who ended up with my grandmother in Istanbul wanted to return home to their pre-war countries, despite having been sent by their homeland to the death camps. After all they experienced, how did they (re)build a life anywhere? There are several memos in the JDC archives that advise the representative of the Joint to urge the released prisoners to consider another destination.

November 21

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As we’ve seen in earlier posts, the Joint Distribution Committee (also known as the Joint) helped many of the world’s Jews during and after World War II. The Joint helped wherever they saw a need, including those who might have fallen through the cracks. One group was prisoners with Turkish citizenship who were part of a March 1945 prisoner trade. They had been put on a ship to Istanbul to be repatriated by Turkey. Unfortunately, Turkey did not recognize the citizenship of most of these refugees, who ended up imprisoned again in Istanbul. Penniless, homeless, and not having had contact with the outside world for years, these poor people needed help of all kinds to find somewhere that would welcome (or at least accept) their presence. My grandmother Helene, as the wife of a Turkish citizen, was one of these prisoners. We’ve read about her experience in earlier posts, as well about my experience researching the online JDC Archives to find documents related to her experience.

Upon the prisoners’ arrival in Istanbul, representatives of the Joint were concerned about the costs related to the 148 prisoners who arrived on the SS Drottningholm (see the April 20th post). Today we see excerpts from several memos from the JDC Archives from November 1945 regarding the remaining prisoners, including Helene.

From a November 9, 1945 letter from E.L. Packer, the First Secretary of the American Embassy in Ankara to Arthur Fishzohn of the Joint in Istanbul:

Referring to my letter of September 26, 1945, I take pleasure in informing you that Mr. Celal Osman Abacioglù, Director General of the Department of Consular Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, telephoned me today to inform me that orders had been issued to Istanbul to permit the transfer of the Jewish refugees from the S.S. Drottningholm, who are now living at Moda, to Burgos, as requested.

We saw excerpts from the earlier mentioned letter in the September 25th post, where we learned of efforts to cut costs by finding a place to relocate the remaining 49 refugees.


From a November 13, 1945 letter from Charles Passman from the Joint in Jerusalem to Arthur Fishzohn:

…This has been an exceptionally costly affair, but it cannot be helped. I only hope that this matter will be liquidated soon, so that it should not continue and involve us in additional expenses….


From a November 20, 1945 letter from Arthur Fishzohn to G. Ladame, Assistant Delegate of ICRC in Turkey in Ankara with the Subject line: “Re SS ‘Drottningholm’ refugees”:

…I should like to correct the statement in my letter… of November 7th, wherein I advised that the number of internees had been reduced to 46. Not three but only one person… was released,… the figure of 49 must still be dealt with.

On November 13th we obtained the release of… who left Istanbul … for Palestine on the same day.

1.     The 48 individuals whose cases must still be disposed of:
[lists by destination country, the majority with visas to return to their home country]…

 e) The remaining 2 individuals desire to proceed to the countries listed opposite their names….
COHEN, Helena UNITED STATES (for which country she has already obtained a visa)

In the April 19th post, we saw transit visa stamps for several countries on Helene’s Affidavit in Lieu of Passport which was issued on November 28, 1945.


From a November 21, 1945 letter from Arthur Fishzohn to Charles Passman, with the subject line “Re SS ‘Drottningholm’ refugees”:

Mr. G. Ladame (assistant to Gilbert Simond of the International Red Cross, Ankara) who has just rerutnred from Geneva, has asked me for information on the “Drottningholm” group still interned here. He states that Geneva is interested in this situation.

Mr. Simond’s office has been kept informed by me, from time to time, on the status of the “Drottningholm” affair….

I am glad to be able to inform you that the SS “Tan” left this afternoon for Marseilles with the 15 “Drottningholm” Belgians aboard. This will reduce the total number of “Drottningholm” internees to 33. Transportation for that group plus an additional 14 French repatriates, who have been on our relief rolls here, making a total of 29 persons, is to be paid for by Hicem Istanbul….The money…was advanced by me, and …the Hicem office here will arrange for the reimbursement of this amount to us here, as soon as his office in Paris cables it to him.

I am glad to report that, on November 17th, we transferred the remaining internees to a house in Fener-Bagçe, near Istanbul….

I have not yet received the $10,000 for which we have applied to New York in connection with these “Drottningholm: refugees. I guess, however, the money will be reaching me here very soon….

Copies of this letter and also of letter to Mr. Ladame are being forwarded to Paris and New York.

According to the Shoah Resource Center, HICEM was a merger of three Jewish migration associations.

In addition to providing context for my grandmother’s Istanbul letters, the JDC documents related to this group of prisoners give us an understanding of the bureaucratic hurdles and delicate diplomacy required to help those who arrived without any resources or support. We see that it required the assistance of and intervention by many agencies from across the globe.

November 13

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Today’s document is a bank transfer from Helene to Victor Levy in Cairo, Egypt dated November 13, 1946.

In the April 17th post, Vitali’s relative Yomtov Cohen writes from Istanbul to Helene in San Francisco to ask her to reimburse Levy Brothers Co. in Cairo for the cost of her ship voyage to the United States.

At the time of Yomtov’s letter, she had not yet arrived in the United States – she boarded the Vulcania in Alexandria Egypt on April 14th, 1946 and arrived in New York two weeks later. According to an online currency calculator, $300 would be worth $4,294 in 2021. No wonder it took her and her children six months to repay the fare.

November 11

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Although today’s card is addressed to Nathan Firestone, it is written from Helene in Vienna to her son Harry in San Francisco. 

Vienna 11 November 1939

My dear Harry boy! “Waiting” has become our profession since your departure. We fall asleep in the hope of getting mail the next morning, but until today we have only gotten the two telegrams from the USA. But we are not worried. We know that you are so well housed, but we would also like to know if you have gotten used to being there yet. You have seen and experienced so many new and wonderful things, and that makes me happy. We are healthy.

Please make excuses for me with the relatives, because I haven’t written to them yet because it wasn’t possible. I hope you get this card and believe me that no hour goes by in which I do not think of you. 

Kiss, my little Harry, many kisses.


Today’s card was the first that Harry received from his mother after he and Eva arrived in San Francisco a few weeks earlier. We learned about Eva’s and Harry’s trip to the U.S. in the October 9 post. Upon arrival in San Francisco, Harry went to live with Helene’s cousin Hilda Firestone (technically, her first cousin once removed) and her husband Nathan. Eva lived with another cousin, Bertha Schiller and her husband George.

I wrote about finding my grandmother’s letters from Vienna elsewhere on this site. From November 1939 to October 1941, Helene wrote more than 130 letters to her family in San Francisco. I have about 100 of them. Some of the others may never have made it to their destination; some may have gotten lost along the way. As she wrote this first letter to her children, she had no idea they would be separated for years or that the family would never be totally reunited again.

November 7

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Today we have a letter from G.I. Harry Lowell to his sister Eva in San Francisco. He is in desert training in southern California (see August 16 post).

November 7, 1943

Dear Sister,

Well, I’ve finally decided to write you a letter – after a lot of struggling with myself. This is the first letter I have written since I came back from my furlough.

You’ve probably received that recording from L.A. by now; I don’t think that voice sounds like mine at all, do you? The lady that made the record at the U.S.O. dragged me into her studio, and I couldn’t say no.

How is everything going with you? Did you find a job that suits you yet?

We are having quite a few sandstorms these days; have you ever been in a sandstorm? Most of our tents were blown away or torn; we have to wear goggles to protect our eyes; the food consists of 50% sand; our rifles and trucks are clogged up most of the time, etc. All in all, it’s a mess. We are told that it wouldn’t last much longer. (I hope)

On my trip to the desert I looked all over for snakes, but I didn’t even see a lizard. As for cacti (cactuses? cactusi?), I saw very beautiful ones but wasn’t able to get any because they belonged to a hotel at Palm Springs. Tell Mrs. Koenig (I think that’s her name) I’ll keep looking.

I have been quite disgusted lately; blue is the word. The other day I drove for the salvage depot and saw one of a few examples of inexcusable waste. Brand new test tubes, pill boxes, first aid kits (containing hard-to-get drugs), loads of filter paper, and cases of sodium amytal for injections. All these things had been thrown together with old clothes, storm tents, shoes, and other salvage. I could have killed the officer who was responsible for such an outrageous waste of and unconcern for valuable government property. Grr!

Quite a few of the men in the company are getting soft gums and bad teeth because a stupid bastard of a colonel or general has made up his mind to feed us canned food only. Oh, I am so mad*!@% (Could you send me a set of teeth?)

Well, that’s all for now. Say hello to your household, keep your nose clean, and don’t get into any fights with the family.

As always,
Your favorite brother,
Harry

P.S. How about that picture? What’s your phone number?


I included a photo of a USO recording Harry made in the May 3rd post – I assumed he had made it for her birthday. I have a vague memory of listening to it when I was a child, but can no longer make it work.

In this and other letters, Harry refers to Mrs. Koenig – she was the mother of Eva’s fellow nursing student Ursula Lucks and Eva’s landlady for many years. I remember her as a sweet old lady who took me to the zoo. Earlier this year I searched on Ancestry for more information, and discovered that Margaret Koenig was born in Germany in 1898. Her daughter Ursula Lucks also was born in Germany. Margaret was widowed before coming to the U.S. with Ursula in 1927. According to the 1930 census, she worked as a wrapper in a candy factory (shades of I Love Lucy!). In 1934, she married Ewald Koenig, also an emigré from Germany.

Here is a photo from the late 1940s of Helene, Mrs. Koenig, her husband, daughter, and my parents:

Back row: Helene, Mrs. Koenig’s second husband Ewald Koenig, Ursula Lucks, Eva
Front row: Margarate Koenig, Eva’s husband LP Goldsmith

November 6

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Today we see a copy of the first page of a letter Helene’s nephew Paul Zerzawy wrote to his step-brother Franz Orlik and his wife Hanne in Haifa. Paul’s father Julius married Franz’s mother in 1921, long after Paul and his brother Robert had left home and were living independent lives. Paul arrived in the U.S. in April 1939 and had been trying to make his way in New York City before giving up and joining his young cousins Eva and Harry and other family members in San Francisco. Perhaps he only stayed in New York long enough to make sure Eva and Harry arrived safely by ship and put them on a train to San Francisco (see October 23rd post). In New York, Paul’s mother’s cousin Bertha Schiller’s son Arthur provided advice and assistance. In San Francisco, Bertha and her husband George opened their home to my mother Eva while she finished high school. Upon Paul’s arrival in San Francisco, Bertha and George welcomed Paul too. In the letter he refers to his step-mother as “Mother” and mentions Leo, her brother.

6 November 1939

Dear Fritz, dear Hanne:

Your card was sent to me from Mr. Schiller from New York, I have been in San Francisco just a short time now, staying with Mr. Schiller’s parents. I was happy to see that you are at least in good health. Since I haven’t had any news about you for a very long time, and then contradictory news, I had already begun to worry quite a bit about your fate. Unfortunately, since the war, all connections with Bohemia and Germany have been cut off so that I have had no news at all from Mother nor from Leo nor from any other relatives in Prague or Vienna. I have received some letters from Robert during the war, but I haven’t heard from him in about 4 weeks.

I was very concerned about your wishes about your alleged share of the amount of money I got from Prague. I am not surprised however, because Mother in her last letter made some comments from which I understood that she had some quite false ideas about the nature of this money transfer. I tried to make this clear to her in my reply letter, but I’m not sure whether she got this letter, nor how she may have received the news since as I said, I have had no answer from this letter (to which I sent a number of further letters and cards, as I still regularly write either to Mother or Leo every two weeks). I’m afraid that it wasn’t possible for me to convince her, because I had to write sort of in insinuations because of censorship, and I want to hope that the only reason that there hasn’t been any news from her and from Leo did not have to do with this ill humor and could be blamed on postal issues.

I can write to you without circumlocutions and insinuations. You will then understand me better. I think you must know me well enough to know that if you were due anything, I would send you your part of it without being asked, or I would at least let you know about it, especially the latter because up until now I didn’t have your correct address, only your auxiliary address. Unfortunately, the allegations that you make which probably come from Mother are not correct, but I am convinced that Mother did this in good faith. It’s not true first of all that the money left over that has been sent here is everyone’s common property from the inheritance. And secondly, it is not true that I already am provided for. The first claim is probably a result of an incorrect interpretation of the circumstances. But it is puzzling to me where the second claim comes from, because unfortunately I have not and could not report anything so positive about myself. The best proof of this is that I left New York and moved to San Francisco, which I probably would not have done if I had been able to get any kind of work in New York. I am staying with the family of my sponsor who are taking care of my needs without asking for money, but I cannot take advantage of this hospitality for more than a limited amount of time, and after that I will be at the mercy of the refugee committee if I am not able to find a job, which of course I hope I will.


We have seen parts of this “conversation” earlier in the year – we saw a card from Paul’s step-mother in the February 10th post.  In the letter above, he refers to earlier correspondence like the card saw in the September 19th post.

By the time Paul and Robert’s father Julius married Franz’s mother in 1921, he had been widowed twice – once in 1902 and again in 1910. He was a soldier in World War I. By the end of 1918, only his children Paul and Robert were still living – his son Erich died while a POW in Eastern Siberia, and his two daughters died while in their teens. In his October 3rd letter, Paul muses about the state of their finances and their grandmother’s fate if they cannot afford to keep the family home in Brüx. It must have been very disorienting after the war for Julius to find himself with an empty nest – perhaps no nest at all. It makes sense he would want to marry again. Julius died in January 1939 and it appears from this letter that his step-mother and step-sibling expected a larger share of his estate.

October 30

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As we learned in yesterday’s letter, Vitali would only go to the post office on Fridays, so this letter from Helene to her children was probably sent along with those from October 28 and 29

Clipper 57b                             Vienna, 30 October 1940

My dear little bunnies!

Yesterday I grumbled a little bit, and today a letter actually arrived (#6 from October 15). The question I asked Eva yesterday – whether she has Sunday off – have become pointless because the letter today explains all that. Two hours of work on Sunday wouldn’t be all that bad, but it’s unfortunate that they are so far apart. Well, you can’t do anything about that. I guess life would be just too good otherwise. About the first evening dress that Tillie bought for you - you had a cyclamen-colored lipstick to match the dress and I do hope that you don’t go for a bright green one. Harry, as a kitchen expert, well that’s nothing new. It’s interesting that Papa recently brought me a rolling pin to make pastry with, to which I kind of had the same reaction as Hilda did. Only the fact that there were a whole week’s ingredients in that dough, that’s the only reason I didn’t throw the dough right at the wall. The dough did not really stay stuck to the roller but one sheet of dough only made two cakes, which were only the size of a flat plate. It would be efficient, but imagine if everybody were a little wanted to eat fine cakes? No, no, I’m going to use the old system, even if Papa calls me backward because of it. Harry had the same wish to rescue the reputation of the Viennese coffee cream torte. That’s sweet, funny. Yes, yes. Two souls and one thought, two hearts but only one stomach. Since your letter today arrived, Papa’s been scratching and he is of the opinion that our sacred boy stuck a flea in the envelope. At least the description of the flea hunt was a journalistic masterpiece, even if Papa who usually only believes in facts was able to imagine the magic of being bitten by a flea.

You wanted to hear more about our subletters? Okay, let me present to you Herr Lubinger, an old age pensioner who has quite a historic face. His activities now are going to get cigarettes for himself, going to get milk for me, copying my recipes for his wife, and asking me if we could make all of that again. I told him, well, yes, eventually. While his wife and I support each other in house and culinary work, he sits there over a chess problem. In the afternoon he reads Homer or Ovid or he borrows one of the books that we still have around.

Frau L looks like your piano teacher Einö-Zweiö and I managed to impress her because I was twice as tall and three times as wide. After we wash dishes, we don’t see each other until we make breakfast together. This is the time for cooking lessons. The recipe instruction “you take a…” is a problem that is hard to solve., but at the last moment the redeeming thought will come. Mrs. Clara Friedman, on whose recommendation we decided to take this pair in as our subletters, is now herself in a difficult situation because her big apartment has been requested. Unfortunately, I cannot reach her by phone anymore, because she no longer has a phone. If Everl gets a letter from Jo, “dear Eva and dear Alf”, don’t believe she is crazy. The letter is actually for both of you and you should send the original to Alf. Your mother is fresh and spry and at the moment quite busy with sewing sleeves onto your father’s sleeveless vest (without eyeglasses). What a generation that was! So, does Lotte Lehmann still sing? I cannot imagine “Rosenkavalier” being performed without Richard Meyer. What is Mr. Fleischer doing? Does Paul get together with him very often?

That’s enough for today! Keep me in your loving thoughts and stay the way you are. I love you!

Helen

P.S. Say hello to everybody.


In addition to numbering and keeping copies of letters, Helene often gives a recap of the letters she receives, giving us a sense of their “conversations.” It’s impressive to see how quickly mail arrives when it does arrive – I don’t know that our international mail is any quicker these days.

Helene’s comment about both Vitali’s and Harry’s desire to “help” in the kitchen sounded like a quotation and it is. The original is: “Zwei Seelen und ein Gedanke, zwei Herzen und ein Schlag" Two minds with but a single thought; two hearts that beat as one attributed to Eligius Franz Joseph von Münch-Bellinghausen from “Der Sohn der Wildnis” in 1842

It is wonderful to hear more about the couple sharing their apartment – each letter brings them more fully into focus. They provide a welcome distraction from the ever-worsening situation in Vienna as well as from the sporadic mail delivery.

I could not find any mention of Richard Meyer, but found an advertisement in the San Francisco Examiner for a performance of “Der Rosenkavalier” on October 16, 1940 featuring Lotte Lehmann. I assume Eva wrote to her parents about this, and perhaps even attended.

From The San Francisco Examiner, October 16, 1940, p. 35

Baritone Arthur Fleischer was born in Vienna in 1881, arrived in San Francisco in 1939, and died there in 1948. Interesting to hear that Helene’s nephew Paul Zerzawy was friends with him. Like Paul, he taught music and performed in the Bay Area. The San Francisco Examiner from 1939 and the 1940s has several articles and advertisements about Fleischer. In an article about his first concert in San Francisco, on page 52 of the May 7, 1939 edition of the San Francisco Examiner it said: “Famous throughout Central Europe as opera and concert star, Baritone Arthur Fleischer, a newcomer here, will give a debut recital at the Century Club Thursday evening….Fleischer will sing arias of ‘Don Giovanni,’ ‘Meistersinger,’ Verdi’s ‘Requiem’ and ‘Don Carlos’ and Smetana’s ‘Bartered Bride.’” Helene and Vitali had musical soirees at their home in Vienna – I wonder whether Fleischer ever joined them?

October 23

 First Impressions 

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I am always thrilled to see letters written by my mother and to “hear” her young voice. In this letter from October 23, 1939, 18-year old Eva is writing to her cousin Paul Zerzawy. We see her first impressions San Francisco. If I didn’t live here already, I would want to visit! 

San Francisco, October 23

Dear Paul!

Aunt Bertha was disappointed that we arrived without you. I told the story to the committee, although it wasn’t necessary. From the beginning, it was neither listened to nor was even mentioned as a formality. I think you will like it here. The whole house reminds me of a dollhouse, both the size and the furnishings.

Hilda’s house is also sort of a miniature like this one, but it is somewhat more modern. Both homes are in rather exclusive residential areas, but they are on different sides of the city.

Since the exposition is going to close at the end of this week, we went on the first day. I like it better than the one in New York. It is quite similar in character but it is not so big. The external impression is much sweeter and more romantic. The emphasis is on fountains, lakes, and flowers. It is similar to the impression the city makes.

What I have seen so far reminds me quite a bit of Istanbul. The city is rather scary and has many streets which are so steep that you can’t really walk without slipping. Yesterday and the day before yesterday, it was hot weather like in the middle of summer, but now suddenly it has made way for fall weather. Bertha says that the climate here is usually like that.

Now I am at the beginning of the story when I am actually ending. So, the story of the journey – it actually was somewhat boring. It was however wonderfully relaxing to just sit in this nice train. In Chicago we thought we could see the city, but we apparently just ended up in a very poor neighborhood. There was almost no light to be found. Only when we got closer to the train station did we see the beautiful lights of the city.

So that you don’t get lost when you leave the train station, go out on the left side.

For today I will end with best greetings from Aunt Bertha and me.

Most sincerely
Eva


After sailing to America on board the Rex, Eva and Harry were met in New York by their cousin Paul Zerzawy and then boarded the train to go to San Francisco. Upon arrival in San Francisco, Eva and Harry were split up to stay with different relatives – Eva with Bertha and George Schiller, and Harry with Hilda and Nathan Firestone. Since they lived in different parts of the city, they attended different high schools.

In their few days in New York, they attended the world’s fair. Since the Golden Gate International Exposition on Treasure Island was about to close when they arrived in San Francisco, they immediately visited and Eva shares her impressions here. Within just a few weeks, Harry and Eva got to attend two world’s fairs. What an introduction to life in the United States! 

Below are two photos from the San Francisco exposition:

October 19

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Other than the San Francisco Examiner newspaper article about Helene winning a contest, I knew little about her life in San Francisco beyond that of being my kind and loving grandmother, the only grandparent I ever knew. Today’s letter of recommendation gives us a window into her life in the U.S., just two years after her arrival.

LT.0565.1948 (2.2) P2.JPG

October 18, 1948

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN;

It is a pleasure to say that Mrs. Helene Cohen is known to me to be of good character and to be a competent and conscientious housekeeper.

Mrs. Cohen gave to my uncle, for whom she was housekeeper, not only excellent physical care, but was considerate of his mental well being and careful in the management of the expenses of his household.

Very truly yours,

Harry Goodfriend

I searched for Harry Goodfriend and found an obituary for him in the Winter 2012 Lowell Alumni Newsletter. He graduated from Lowell High School in 1928 and died in 2010 at the age of 100. He was in banking for more than 60 years. The in memoriam notice ended by saying “we will all miss Harry, who was a true gentleman and a good friend to a century of people.” As I learn more about my family, I am fascinated by all the people whose paths they crossed. I suppose that’s true for most of us, but we don’t usually see evidence of it.

October 10

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Today’s letter is from 1941 from Helene in Vienna to her children in San Francisco.

LT.0204.1941.JPEG

Vienna, 10 October 1941

My dear children! Hopefully, even before this letter reached, you were already able to send us a message that our matter has been definitively and positively taken care of. If that was not possible, we hope that you can send us a letter to that effect after the receipt of my letter today. Which is really necessary in case your news should reach us here. We have to plan for all eventualities. There is a housing shortage and it is leading to some unusual arrangements. The neighbors just said their good-byes, probably forever. I wonder whether the disabled woman will be able to handle the different climate? We are in excellent health. We would just be glad to make room for others. I enjoyed living here, but when they don’t want us, I don’t want to stay, and I will leave, preferably of my own free will, or go where we want to, not where someone wants to send us.

I haven’t received any letters, although I have written not only to you but also to Paul, Tillie, and Hilda. Do you have Olga’s address? It is Alter Kornmarkt 16. I am really hungry for a few lines from you and I hope I will get mail from you soon. The old Zentners were over here yesterday. They get news regularly. 

See you later my dears and I hope all goes well with you, okay? Paul should oil his brain machine and invent some sort of way by which we can take you into our arms soon.

I love and kiss you.

P.S. I have tried in the last letters to arrange, if nothing else should be possible, for us to emigrate to Cuba, and notify us by telegraph immediately should you have gotten one of our letters from us. Papa feels strong enough to be able to pay back all costs as soon as we have gotten ourselves on our feet in Cuba.

Helen


In her previous letter, Helene makes it clear that getting out of Vienna is becoming virtually impossible. She and Vitali decide that Cuba might be a more viable destination than California.

This is the last regular correspondence that Eva and Harry received from Helene from Vienna. I have no idea when their parents lost hope of being able to leave Vienna – the former city of Helene’s dreams, which has become the source of her nightmares. Once the U.S. entered the war,  the children received a few Red Cross letters (see May 12 and September 18 posts).

October 9

Voyage to America – young and carefree



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I spent most of my life thinking that my 18-year old mother and her 15-year old brother were wrenched by the separation from their parents as took the train in Vienna to Genoa to board the ship headed for New York. After reading Helene’s letters, I realize that although being apart must have been a challenge, the entire family was confident in October 1939 that they would be reunited within a few months. They had no idea they would never see their father again and would not see their mother until 1946 after she had been through hell.

Thus, Eva and Harry could look forward to their voyage and future with enthusiasm and optimism. My mother always spoke fondly of the ocean voyage. For a brief period in her life, she was carefree – no responsibilities, no expectations, and the promise of America before her. Rather than being a foreigner in a new land and school, she was surrounded by others making the same voyage with the same hopes, who were not judging her accent, clothes, or manner. She loved every moment and as soon as she could afford it, she took cruises all over the world. I imagine none of them lived up to her first experience of traveling 3rd class on the “Rex”.

Growing up, my mother had a small album of photos from Europe, which included these 2 photos of her on board the ship:

Image 10-6-21 at 10.31 AM.jpg

 On back of the photo with Eva in a bathing suit, with the date 10/10/1939:

Screen Shot 2021-10-06 at 6.25.36 AM.png

When I was going through Harry’s boxes of documents and letters after he died in 2017, I found a roll of negatives labeled 1939. I held them up to the light and only one photo seemed familiar – the one with Eva on deck with a scarf. Since the photo of her in the bathing suit is not on the roll, I assume that Luis Antonio Martinez sent her that photo.

I realized that the roll of film included images from their voyage and first moments in San Francisco and got the negatives digitized. Imagine my delight at seeing their voyage and new world through Eva and Harry’s eyes.

Harry documented much of the trip, presumably in order to send photos back to their parents in Vienna, which I imagine is why we had no hard copies of the photos. Below, we see a grainy photo of an Italian town, presumably Genoa. From the ship, we see a vendor selling rugs to a crowd of people below, other ships in the harbor, the deck of the Rex, and even the “view” from their porthole.

Image 10-6-21 at 10.05 AM.jpg

Here is a photo of Harry on board the ship:

NPAI3026.JPG

Harry saved a menu from the ship – I don’t know whether they had menus for each meal, or just for October 12 in honor of Columbus Day – which must have been quite the celebration since the ship departed from Genoa, the birthplace of Christopher Columbus. Apparently even the 3rd class passengers were invited to participate in the dancing or watching the featured film La Mia Canzone al Vento of the evening which featured Giuseppe Lugo, a famous Italian tenor. Harry used the menu as a sort of autograph book – someone wrote a nice note and a few people included their addresses.

DOC.0398.1939 (1.2) front.JPG
DOC.0398.1939 (2.2) interior.JPG

Harry kept in touch with at least one of the people, Elsy Howard, who sent him a card the following year from the New York World’s Fair, on which she wrote around the edges: "Many thanks for letter, which I will answer later. Hope you like Amerika now. Best regards, also to Maria, Elsy Howald."

LT.0531.1940 (2.2) back.JPG

After nine fun-filled days at sea, Eva and Harry arrived in New York. In one of my first forays into searching through Ancestry at the public library in 2017, I found the ship’s manifest page of arriving passengers on the Rex that showed Eva Marie Kohen and Harry Kohen’s departure from Genoa on October 6 and arrival in New York on October 15, 1939. They are listed as students, Turkish citizens who could speak English , born in Vienna, Germany (Austria had been annexed), planning to live permanently in the US. They had visas issues July 31, 1939 from their last permanent residence of Istambul, Turkey. Amazing what you can learn from a line from a ship’s manifest!

ManifestP1.png

In August, I attended a Jewish genealogy conference, and at one session the speaker mentioned that manifests covered two-pages. I went back to Ancestry and found page 2:

ManifestP2.png

We learn that their father was named Simeon (presumably a mishearing of Haim Seneor) who lived in Vienna, Germany; that their final destination was San Francisco; that they paid their own way; that they had $8 in their possession provided by HIAS; that they were planning to reside at 200 Washington St. in San Francisco (I’m not sure whose address that was); that they did not plan to return to their home country and intended to become U.S. citizens; that they were never in prison, were not polygamists, anarchists, did not believe in overthrowing the government; they did not have a promise of employment; had never been arrested and deported; that they were in good mental and physical health and had no deformities; their height, complexion, hair and eye color, and had no other identification marks.

A new piece of information was that they had received $8 from HIAS – worth over $150 in today’s dollars, – although probably not enough money for the journey from New York to San Francisco.

I spent most of my life having a vague idea of Eva’s and Harry’s voyage. I had only seen the first two photos above. After discovering Harry’s trove of saved objects and photos and doing some research, I now feel like I have a sense of what it was like. A wonderful window onto the beginning of their new life.

September 24

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Today’s letter from Helene in Vienna to her children in San Francisco continues the story from September 6, 20, and 21 which describes their straitened circumstances and their surprise and happiness at the windfall from San Francisco.

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LT.0150.1940 (2.2) P2.jpg

Vienna, 24 September 1940

My most beloved children! Yesterday I got the money sent from Berlin which I thank you for once again. You can hardly imagine how quickly the letter came, which was proof that the largest part of our subsistence comes from you and relatives, which, with the receipt and proceeds of the remaining stock in our business and the sale of dispensable items in our apartment, all helped us to pay for our living costs – all the easier for us now because we have sublet half of our apartment. We have also figured out a way to cook together and that will cost less as far as heating goes and this will have more of an impact as the weather gets colder in the winter months. That’s about all there is to say about what we are doing here.

In general, quite a bit has changed and, in 10 days, it will be a year since we caressed that train that took you away to a new life. It is odd how it seems to me - it seems as if it was yesterday and 14 days ago, when we had not even had a sign of life from Harry, I believed I hadn’t seen you for an eternity. I can certainly understand that Harry is homesick for Vienna but he would feel as we do like a survivor of the sunken continent of Atlantis. There are hardly any friends left in Vienna. The city of songs has become the city of wandering children’s prams and caryatid columns: all that’s old falls and new life blossoms out of the ruins. Speaking of ruins, in our living room it still looks like there was a battle here. The slats of the floor are stacked up all over the place and we’re waiting for the contractor to have time to finish the work. We are getting used to our acrobatic lifestyle, but at night when it’s dark, my sleepy eyes can hardly understand what this monster is doing because that’s how the furniture that is piled up in the corners of our living room seems to me. Since my bed is against the other wall in the other room, I pretty soon realized that I had bumped my head and then my thoughts straightened themselves out again. Papa is working on the interior design as it were, to make modern furniture from fruit boxes. I wanted to get some fresh air into my lungs yesterday and I picked up your dad and went out shopping with him and I just kept in the background passively. First, we went to Knoll’s store. You would not believe what you would see there, how well Papa does with the shopping when he uses his meat coupons in the best possible way. For example, you get the full weight of liver if you buy that because they don’t charge extra. You get more if you eat innards and if you eat head and feet, you even get four times as much. When he had made his choice and he was looking over the bill, he asked “which is the foot and what is Blunzen [blood sausage]?” The butcher was trying to keep a straight face and he explained: “well typhus is a disease and blunzen is too.” The other people were laughing. Papa got back at him by asking Mr. Knoll “and where do you have the dogs? I want one.” Everyone looked quite confused, like “what did you say?” He pointed to the poster on the wall, where normally you’d have calves and lambs hanging, which said “bringing dogs into the store is forbidden by the police.” Apart from Papa, no one objected to this particular German formulation. We kept going with our shopping. Mrs. Heindl’s store was the next place we stopped and he asked “Do you already have Gock-gock-gock-gack?” and she said [in Viennese dialect] “they just got here so you’re always the first one to get the fresh eggs.” Pech. Let’s go to Crete. “Give me an Omega.”
Pech: “Do you want a big Omega?”*
Papa: “Omegas are always big. I want a Delta** and a Parallelaped.***”

[footnotes at bottom of page: *peasant bread, **Emmantaler cheese with no rind, ***1/8kg of butter]

Our bargain and the Greek lesson for the grocer were over and we are going home with our geometrical food for supper.

I have been in such a hurry to finish this and now Papa has just gone off without taking the letter with him. Before I get dressed, it’s already too late, she letter will have to wait until Friday. That’s okay. Maybe I will have more to tell you by then and I don’t have to just build castles in the air. I am really looking forward to getting your next letter which will tell us about what you’re doing at school.

I am addressing the letters to Harry even though Everl gave us her new address, since I assume that Harry can put the letters in order more easily than Everl. If I’m wrong in this assumption, I will then just go back to the old way of doing things.

Friday, 27 Sept. 1940

My dear ones! Papa was right about waiting to post the letter until today, because I can tell you with great joy that I received your letter #2 from the 8th of this month. I am excited about the Nursing-School. It really seems to be an educational institution comme il faut. Just the right kind of place. Maybe when you get a chance you can tell me which of your clothes were so distasteful to Aunt Tillie and meant that you had to go shopping for some new ones. Harry’s schedule, except for Chemistry and Literature, is the same, only the Australian girlfriend is new. Bravo Harry! There is nothing like starting young. It was like a feast for me to see Paul’s handwriting again. The different meanings of “auditorium” and “audience” are now clear to me from Eva’s Graduation Number – i.e., the dictionary gave me some insight into this ambiguity. I read with schadenfreude that Paul had no success in getting an audience - serves him right since he hasn’t written to me in so long. And I don’t even get anything for his promises at the Dorotheum [auction house in Vienna]. I am also be interested in knowing how many virtuosos have already come out of his school.

Nothing much has changed here. From the balcony and windows to about halfway into the room, we are waiting for the floor contractor to show up; however, he cannot be reached. I explained to the architect today that I would use the basin to put goldfish in (not silverfish). He did not seem very happy with my intention to put an aquarium in there because the ceiling supporting beams seem to have a problem because of the unfortunate positioning of the balcony. When it rains hard, the water flows down.

I’m already looking forward to #3 and the day after tomorrow I will continue. Papa will have no excuse about not waiting for the end of the letter. I feel unusually well because I am getting regular letters again and I am not worried about Everl’s health anymore because she is seeing a doctor regularly. Harry should not be careless when he’s playing football. He shouldn’t overdo it and get all overheated and then have to drink tons of cold water. Paul could have done his cure more easily here. He really didn’t have to go across the big pond for that.

I am kissing all of you one after the other and I remain your
Helene


Helene’s mood is light because letters are arriving regularly from her children. Nothing can bring her down – not their poverty, their involuntary downsizing and sharing their apartment with strangers, the unreliable contractors (apparently a problem that has been going on all over the world forever), or the meager rations of food and distasteful cuts of meat. She makes light of all of it, making us laugh instead of cry at their situation. They don’t just laugh at the situation in the letters – they make light of the circumstances as they search for the meager provisions that are available at the markets.

I can identify with Helene’s joy at seeing her nephew Paul’s handwriting for the first time in ages – I had the same feeling when I saw my (then 18-year old) mother’s letters for the first time.

In 1940, Paul began giving piano lessons to earn money. He was unable to continue his profession as a lawyer in the United States, probably primarily because his lack of language proficiency — unlike his young cousins, he was in his 40s and not able to become fluent in English. In the February 25, 1940 issue of the San Francisco Examiner, I found a amall announcement in the arts section:

New Piano Studio
Formerly of Vienna and Prague, Paul Zerzawy has opened at the Heine Piano Company, 279 O’Farrell Street, a piano studio for instruction, for coaching in ensemble and for accompaniment.”

September 22

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My mother Eva received her nursing degree from Mt. Zion Hospital School of Nursing in San Francisco in late September 1943 when she was 22 years old.

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I wrote about Eva’s career in the July 7 post. In Vienna, she dreamed of becoming a doctor, but the lack of financial and emotional resources, as well as insecurity about being a non-native English speaker, prevented her from pursuing that goal in the United States. Instead, she took the more traditional route for a woman and became a nurse.

In the last few posts, we read about how Eva and her brother Harry worked summer jobs during and after high school, sending their meager earnings to help their parents in Vienna. After coming to San Francisco in late 1939, they had to grow up immediately. Eva completed her final year of high school and then enrolled at Mt. Zion. Harry finished high school a year later and joined the army. They supported themselves and asked little of their relatives who emphasized that they could not be relied on for further financial assistance than what was given to them to help them come to San Francisco. They saved as much money as they could in the hope and expectation that they would help their parents once they made it to the US. They had to be practical and could not pursue unprofitable dreams. My mother, already a serious sort, threw herself into school and work. 

In the 1980s, when I worked at San Francisco State University, I taught a course designed to help undergraduates do well in college. I asked my students to identify an issue or skill that was preventing them from academic success and to create a plan to develop the skills to improve. One semester, one of my students was a Baha’i who had come to the US to escape religious persecution in Iran. He was appalled by the complaints of his American classmates – to him, they had everything, their complaints were insignificant, they took their education for granted and did not care about learning. For him, education was the key to survival and there was no time to waste. He had no choice but to succeed. His story resonated with me – my mother had escaped similar circumstances and felt much the same as he did about her high school experience. While her classmates were worried about prom, she was worried about her parents’ survival. Education was the key to her being able to support herself and, hopefully one day, her parents. Such a heavy burden on young shoulders.