A day to remember fondly

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Today would be my Uncle Harry’s 99th birthday and Hilda Goldberg Firestone’s 119th. My grandmother and mother never missed a birthday and I learned to do the same. I will raise a toast to both of them.

Hilda and Nathan Firestone, around 1940

Harry taking delight, perhaps around 2010

Recently I’ve been rereading stories my grandmother Helene wrote about her childhood in Bohemia in the late 19th Century. When she was two or three years old, she came down with scarlet fever which resulted in her being almost deaf in one ear. That caused her to pay close attention to whatever anyone said to her. She trained herself to memorize what she heard so she wouldn’t have to take notes in class – notetaking would have caused her to look down at the paper and not be able to read the teacher’s lips. She prided herself on her wonderful memory. During the stress of war and separation from her children, she realized that she had lost some of that skill and regretted being confused about people’s birthdays.

One source of confusion was the date of her young cousin Hilda’s birthday. She knew it as January 12th or 13th (her son Harry’s birthday). As we learned last year, Hilda was born on Friday January 13th, 1904. Her family felt that was a bad omen, particularly in light of her mother’s death due to complications of childbirth, so celebrated her birthday on the 12th.

What follows are excerpts from and links to letters we saw in earlier blog posts where my grandmother and uncle make sure that Hilda knew they remembered her birthday, even from afar.

Vienna, 20. Dec. 1940

…I remember once you wrote to Harry that your birthday is either 12 or 13 January too. Therefore, accept my best wishes for that. Spend this day especially gay and happy and not a sad thought may disturb your pleasure. Enjoy your life as profoundly as you can. It is a pity for every day you don’t do it. I hope you have a good temperament and laughing is easier for you than weeping. Unable to give you a little birthday gift, I give you the second musical lesson (Melody Harry will instruct you) in German.


From Helene to Eva in San Francisco:

Vienna, 27 December 1940

When I sent the official birthday letter to Hilda, which only included a heartfelt greeting to you, you must have been thinking to yourself: “what marvelous stuff is mom up to now?”


From soldier Harry serving in the South Pacific to his sister Eva in San Francisco:

December 16, 1944

Please have some nice flowers sent to Tillie and Hilda on their birthdays, January 11th and 12th, and be sure to have the cards sent with them.


From Helene to Eva and Harry in San Francisco:

Istanbul, 11 January 1946

…I am sending Hilda, Tillie, and Harry my most sincere wishes for happy birthdays. Everl and her husband I wish to all the best to their second anniversary [actually it was their first] and that our European sadness will turn into American happiness and joy. I have certainly counted on the fact that this week of family celebration is something I will be able to spend with you, and it would have also been possible if I hadn’t been thrown to the wolves again. But in Vienna, one said: “if God wishes, then the broom will stand up.” And certainly God wants me to have you again.

December 24

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Today we have a letter from Helene in Istanbul to her nephew Robert Zerzawy in England. Yesterday, we saw a letter from Robert written a day earlier to her children in San Francisco. In it, he recalls their childhood in Vienna. Today, Helene does the same today and remembers happy times she had with Robert and Paul in Bohemia.

“There is no greater sadness than to remember
the happy times amid the misery.” 

Istanbul, 24 December 1945

My dear Robert!

When I received your letter filled with love, the first family letter in my exile, I cried for the first time since I’ve come under the radar. Today is almost predestined to hold my lost Paradise before my eyes. Do I not in spirit tear off a calendar page every day, and every day, every minute, every second, which I spend here without purpose, useless, and unhappy, did I not know that today is the day that I have chosen as the eve of a family week? Outside the sun shines as if it were May, only the sadly short days remind me that we are still deep in winter. The long nights are horrible, I fear them more than the Gestapo, blessed memories.

Robert, when I was ordered by the Command in Ravensbrück, along with 31 other respectable women on the 28th of February, to go to Turkey, none of us thought nor believed that we had been given freedom. I dared to ask what will happen with our men in Buchenwald and the “Political Superintendent” replied that he could give me no precise answer to this, but that he believed that we might meet them in Lübeck or in Sweden.

Our group waited five days for Turkish students living in various German university cities. On the fifth day came transport with about 150 persons, consisting of women, men, and children, Spanish Jews who lived all over the world, but who had been housed en famille in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. My courage and hope to be reunited with Vitali grew. We were transported via Flensburg-Copenhagen to Elsinore, from there to Sweden and Helsingborg where a reporter from a Stockholm newspaper promised to notify Eva. Through him it became known that I was in Sweden. From Helsingborg we were taken to Gothenborg, where we waited for diplomatic transport.

The general consuls of Vienna, Berlin, and Hamburg comforted me by saying that those form Buchenwald took another route and perhaps would be taken to Turkey via Marseille. My courage began to sink. Via Skagerak and Kattegat we went to Norway, then the Faroe Islands where we picked up internees from  England, and from there to Liverpool (how close I was to you), Lisbon, Gibraltar, along the north African coast to Port Said then via the Dodekanese through the Dardenelles to Istanbul.

Vitali’s sisters, who had read my name in the newspaper immediately looked me up and overwhelmed me with questions. “Where is Vitali?” Why didn’t you bring him with you?” “How could you go away without him?” It was not meant as badly as it sounded. The people had, and have, no idea about what and how it was in Europe. When I finally managed to convince them that I was not responsible for world affairs they became nice and friendly with me. A feeling of friendship (hostility?) towards them, and also they towards me, has not been overcome. It is strange that I seem to not only have more rapport with the younger generation, but that I understand them better. 

The difference between East and West is too enormous. Yesterday I received an answer to my inquiry to: Foreign Relations Department, British Red Cross & Order of St. John, Wimborne House Arlington 35 London SW 1. A MmeY. St. Martin Watts requested still more data that should help to make the finding of Vitali easier. For two months my completed and signed papers have been ready at the consulate; in the meantime, two ships have left without me; because of fatal circumstances my departure was prevented. Perhaps it is better so, perhaps before the departure of my ship I’ll hear some news of Vitali and I can answer the unspoken question: “Helen, where is Vitali? – Read: Cain, where is your brother Abel?” – I can give a joyful answer: He lives!

Robert, my dear dear boy, I have read your letter so often, and again, or more correctly, I’ve discovered a kind of “dislocation” of the heart and mind. You ask yourself, how all of you, who did not have to go through my suffering, can understand this through my eyes? I am so happy that each of you was spared this.

Love is a kind of Hydra, that for every head that you cut off grows nine new ones. Had I ten children and fifty nephews, my supply of love would not diminish, on the contrary it would overflow. (Pardon my pathetic style it is not intentional. I am no longer accustomed to writing letters and when I go from one extreme to another, I beg for your complete pardon.)

Robert, everything in this world has its price. I have paid the highest price for my good fortune. When I built a nice home for my children it was not just my thought, as it is with all mothers, that her children would have a better life than she herself had, but a vow that I made when I came back from “relaxing vacation” in Brüx. It took weeks before I recovered from my recuperation trip. To see you freeze, I mean mentally, in the comfortable warm rooms, always cuts into my heart. Paul’s moody nature and your caring disposition are the results of an apparently brilliant, but joyless and loveless youth.

Your little mother did what and how she could. Robert how often have I longed in the last two years for that love, which, when I was still young and immature I scorned, because I believed I was being crushed by love. I also yearn for Vitali’s care, tutelage, and his desire to think of me.

Robert, perhaps it seems to you that I see my past life through rose-colored glasses. No Robert, believe me I was lucky that I could build myself up and that I did not fall into depression but was always mentally fully conscious. Paul can verify this for you; I talked with him about it once. I did not lead a Polykrates existence which an Egyptian king would have envied. On the contrary, I always said that I lived the purest life of the treasure seeker: “daily work, evening guests, unhappy times, joyful celebrations.”  The joyful celebration is what I lived for: celebrations of all beliefs, birthdays, all were celebrated joyfully; my children should see only happy faces around them, enjoy music and happiness, eat well and much, “My fiery writing on the wall: Brüx.”

Robert, dear, as you have written me this dear and sweet letter, I believe that you were thinking of the same outing that Paul, you and I made from Brüx up to the Sauerbrunnen. As we passed a particular part of the marvelous row of chestnut trees, where a construction site was for sale at the time, one of us thought that we should build our family castle in the air at this place. We spun our wishful daydream further, until we came to the coffee house and lying there on a nice birch bench, we imagined everything down to the smallest detail. I remember this as clearly as if it were yesterday, and that an oncoming freight train brought us out of our day dream and forced us to think about our return trip. I glanced once more to the right to my beloved Borschen, one of them straight ahead at the church tower, whose song, “Enene, Enene” still rings in my ears today. When I take the next boat, I’ll be at the Aja Sofia in about 30 minutes and will think of the simple village church of Bilin and hear the bells chiming like the music of the spheres. Just as Wagner’s gods dreamed of their Walhalla, I dream with you of our home. The price that Vitali and I have paid does not seem too high to me. When the children left home, I did away with all birthdays and holidays, that is, I postponed them and said inwardly that we will celebrate them later. There are now so many to catch up on and with the new ones that must be celebrated, then our reunion will be one joyful celebration after another, as the magic word, my magic word rings.

I have apologized for my jumping around, but I’m not quite as crazy as I seem after this letter, but it is impossible to keep one’s thoughts straight when one shares a single room with 8 strangers and one sleeps in the same room with them, and each of the 8 receives visitors and they converse in a motley of strange languages. 

Do you know that I only found out by pure chance that Eva is married and that only just now after months at the consulate I was told the name of my son-in-law? Everl wrote a short letter to her cousin Lisette De Sevillja in May in which announced that she married on the 13th of January (Harry’s birthday), that she thinks I’m in Sweden and that Harry is still in the South Pacific. Robert that is all I know about my children. Wasn’t old Galotti right when he said, “He who does not lose his sanity in these circumstances has nothing to lose.” In my whole life I have never heard so much talking as here, and have spoken so little myself. I find it merciful to live in this Babel. I’m in the greatest company. A young Greek woman was reading her Shakespeare, a fine Oxford edition, next to her Glossary. At night I give myself concerts, I hum my Beethoven, my Mozart, my Schubert. I only here learned to understand the Wanderer Symphony: where you are not, there is happiness. Beethoven never let his audience go home in a gloomy mood; therefore, let us both sing with a different note: joy, beautiful spark of the gods -- or is it still too early. Since I’ve been here, I’ve heard no word more often than “patience,” I live with it. Robert, perhaps we will see each other before this letter reaches you.

Please greet and thank Otto and Kamillo for me, I myself kiss you with unbroken love.

Helen 


Helene begins her letter with a quotation from Dante’s Inferno, which prepares us for the sad and nostalgic tone that follows. Robert is the most emotional of her relatives, and, along with his brother Paul, they are the only people left with a connection to and memory of their childhood in Bohemia – she and her nephews’ mother grew up in Bilin, and the boys grew up in Brüx (now Most), about 8 miles away. Here, she writes of a day she spent with her nephews in Bilin, where they saw the Sauerbrunn – the mineral spring, and the Borschen – the mountain looming over the town which we read about in the April 22nd post. She hears the church bells calling her childhood nickname, Enene. However, when Helene wrote about her childhood memories in the 1950s, she had very little nostalgia for Bilin – she made it clear that she was thrilled to leave it far behind when she moved to Vienna in 1902.

We hear echoes from letters of written years ago: Helene invokes the legend of Polycrates which she wrote about in a letter to her children in 1939 – see December 14th post. Eva and Helene both wrote of “castles in the air” — see April 27th and September 24th posts. She recalls the things that we have seen bring her the most comfort – poetry (Goethe and Heine - see links above) and music – perhaps the same things that helped her survive the past few years.

Although the vast majority of Helene’s and the Zerzawy brothers’ correspondence was in Harry’s possession, my mother Eva had all of the letters their mother sent from Istanbul in 1945-1946. In 2006, a friend translated this letter for me. He had trouble with some of the references and I couldn’t make sense of them either. After being immersed in my grandmother’s words and life for the past few years, her stories and references now all have meaning.

Despite the sorrow and loss of the past 6 years, Helene tries to shake off her mood and end on a lighter note to lift her and Robert’s spirits, quoting Ode to Joy from Beethoven’s 9th symphony.

December 23

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Today we have a letter from Helene’s nephew Robert Zerzawy in England to his cousins Eva and Harry in San Francisco. At this point, Helene has been in Istanbul for over six months after having been released from Ravensbrück.

23 December 1945                  Green Pastures, Bridport

Dear Eva and Harry,

I have to thank you for sending me copies of your mother’s letters from March. I hoped to have a reply from Mr. Joseph de Sevilya but so far there is no response. So I can only hope that you will have heard from Istanbul in the meantime, and that the cryptic behavior of your Turkish relations will have found a quite trivial explanation.

Hilda has somehow acquired the role of an information center on our family affairs. Through. Her I know in outlines about you, for instance that you, Eva, are married and you, Harry, had a victorious return home from the South Pacific with no bad effects other than a tendency to scratching your skin or something like that which by now, I hope, has ceased to trouble you. Speaking of scratching: I guess, our mutual relationship will have to be built up again from scratch too. All you remember of me is, I assume, my little car which doesn’t exist any longer. (Or one should reasonably think it died ignominiously somewhere in the Ukraine or in the Balkans. I was informed from Prague that by force of Government decree I am again the lawful owner of the vehicle provided I can trace and provided it is in a usable state.)

And what I recollect of you apart from table hockey with spoons and stencil paper balls after lunch or cacophonistic duets are Harry’s illustrated weeklies which I hope he kept up in the jungles so giving documentary evidence of their superior lawfulness as compared with the nice mess in Europe or elsewhere in so-called civilized regions.

So it may be quite entertaining to renew our acquaintance and perhaps we like each other. I for my part am looking forward to it and with this pleasant prospect I am sending you my warmest wishes for the New Year and that with Helen with us we shall be a happy family.

Robert 


After discovering all of my family letters and papers that Harry stashed away, I spent several years organizing, archiving and translating everything. Since this was a perfectly legible letter in English, somehow I never read it until I was preparing today’s post! What a treasure it is.

Robert was born in 1899. His mother – Helene’s sister Ida – died when he was just 2-1/2 years old. His step-mother/aunt died when he was 11. His aunt Helene was the nearest thing he had to a maternal figure throughout his life.

I believe Joseph de Sevilya was married to one of Vitali’s sisters. As we learned from Helene’s letters from Istanbul, during the first part of her time there Vitali’s family often visited. However, most of them had little ability to help financially and the agency supporting the prisoners kept moving them to save money on housing, making it difficult for the family to even know how to find her.

At this point, Helene and Hilda have never met – nor have Robert and Hilda. Yet, they maintained a warm correspondence. The three of them were the most emotional and sensitive members of the family, and found kindred spirits in one another.

Unlike his brother Paul, Robert hadn’t spent much time with his young cousins. He never lived in Vienna, so they only knew each other from brief visits and letters. Paul and Robert often traveled together and would reconnect on these trips. In a few lines, Robert paints a vivid picture of the noise, fun, and laughter of the Cohen household in Vienna – they knew how to make their own fun even though they had little money – making music, improvising games and entertaining each other. Sadly, only one of Harry’s illustrated weeklies survived.

In Paul’s vacation photos, he included two photos from a May 1931 trip with captions that read “Breakdown #1” and “Breakdown #2”.

I wonder if this was Robert’s car? They went to Herceg Novi and Lovcen National Park in Montenegro. I found a Youtube video of someone driving what was probably a similar route through the park.

As we saw in later letters, Robert remained in England and only saw his family in person again once or twice again in his life.. I share with him the wish that they had been able to be a happy family again.

November 21

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As we’ve seen in earlier posts, the Joint Distribution Committee (also known as the Joint) helped many of the world’s Jews during and after World War II. The Joint helped wherever they saw a need, including those who might have fallen through the cracks. One group was prisoners with Turkish citizenship who were part of a March 1945 prisoner trade. They had been put on a ship to Istanbul to be repatriated by Turkey. Unfortunately, Turkey did not recognize the citizenship of most of these refugees, who ended up imprisoned again in Istanbul. Penniless, homeless, and not having had contact with the outside world for years, these poor people needed help of all kinds to find somewhere that would welcome (or at least accept) their presence. My grandmother Helene, as the wife of a Turkish citizen, was one of these prisoners. We’ve read about her experience in earlier posts, as well about my experience researching the online JDC Archives to find documents related to her experience.

Upon the prisoners’ arrival in Istanbul, representatives of the Joint were concerned about the costs related to the 148 prisoners who arrived on the SS Drottningholm (see the April 20th post). Today we see excerpts from several memos from the JDC Archives from November 1945 regarding the remaining prisoners, including Helene.

From a November 9, 1945 letter from E.L. Packer, the First Secretary of the American Embassy in Ankara to Arthur Fishzohn of the Joint in Istanbul:

Referring to my letter of September 26, 1945, I take pleasure in informing you that Mr. Celal Osman Abacioglù, Director General of the Department of Consular Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, telephoned me today to inform me that orders had been issued to Istanbul to permit the transfer of the Jewish refugees from the S.S. Drottningholm, who are now living at Moda, to Burgos, as requested.

We saw excerpts from the earlier mentioned letter in the September 25th post, where we learned of efforts to cut costs by finding a place to relocate the remaining 49 refugees.


From a November 13, 1945 letter from Charles Passman from the Joint in Jerusalem to Arthur Fishzohn:

…This has been an exceptionally costly affair, but it cannot be helped. I only hope that this matter will be liquidated soon, so that it should not continue and involve us in additional expenses….


From a November 20, 1945 letter from Arthur Fishzohn to G. Ladame, Assistant Delegate of ICRC in Turkey in Ankara with the Subject line: “Re SS ‘Drottningholm’ refugees”:

…I should like to correct the statement in my letter… of November 7th, wherein I advised that the number of internees had been reduced to 46. Not three but only one person… was released,… the figure of 49 must still be dealt with.

On November 13th we obtained the release of… who left Istanbul … for Palestine on the same day.

1.     The 48 individuals whose cases must still be disposed of:
[lists by destination country, the majority with visas to return to their home country]…

 e) The remaining 2 individuals desire to proceed to the countries listed opposite their names….
COHEN, Helena UNITED STATES (for which country she has already obtained a visa)

In the April 19th post, we saw transit visa stamps for several countries on Helene’s Affidavit in Lieu of Passport which was issued on November 28, 1945.


From a November 21, 1945 letter from Arthur Fishzohn to Charles Passman, with the subject line “Re SS ‘Drottningholm’ refugees”:

Mr. G. Ladame (assistant to Gilbert Simond of the International Red Cross, Ankara) who has just rerutnred from Geneva, has asked me for information on the “Drottningholm” group still interned here. He states that Geneva is interested in this situation.

Mr. Simond’s office has been kept informed by me, from time to time, on the status of the “Drottningholm” affair….

I am glad to be able to inform you that the SS “Tan” left this afternoon for Marseilles with the 15 “Drottningholm” Belgians aboard. This will reduce the total number of “Drottningholm” internees to 33. Transportation for that group plus an additional 14 French repatriates, who have been on our relief rolls here, making a total of 29 persons, is to be paid for by Hicem Istanbul….The money…was advanced by me, and …the Hicem office here will arrange for the reimbursement of this amount to us here, as soon as his office in Paris cables it to him.

I am glad to report that, on November 17th, we transferred the remaining internees to a house in Fener-Bagçe, near Istanbul….

I have not yet received the $10,000 for which we have applied to New York in connection with these “Drottningholm: refugees. I guess, however, the money will be reaching me here very soon….

Copies of this letter and also of letter to Mr. Ladame are being forwarded to Paris and New York.

According to the Shoah Resource Center, HICEM was a merger of three Jewish migration associations.

In addition to providing context for my grandmother’s Istanbul letters, the JDC documents related to this group of prisoners give us an understanding of the bureaucratic hurdles and delicate diplomacy required to help those who arrived without any resources or support. We see that it required the assistance of and intervention by many agencies from across the globe.

November 13

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Today’s document is a bank transfer from Helene to Victor Levy in Cairo, Egypt dated November 13, 1946.

In the April 17th post, Vitali’s relative Yomtov Cohen writes from Istanbul to Helene in San Francisco to ask her to reimburse Levy Brothers Co. in Cairo for the cost of her ship voyage to the United States.

At the time of Yomtov’s letter, she had not yet arrived in the United States – she boarded the Vulcania in Alexandria Egypt on April 14th, 1946 and arrived in New York two weeks later. According to an online currency calculator, $300 would be worth $4,294 in 2021. No wonder it took her and her children six months to repay the fare.

September 27

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In the September 25 post, we read about the situation of the refugees in Istanbul. At the same time, today we see that one of Vitali’s relatives was working to facilitate Helene’s reunion with her children in San Francisco. As a prisoner, I don’t know how she could have managed it on her own.

LT.0018.1945.JPG

Istanbul, 26 September 1945

Very dear Mrs. Helena,

I have the pleasure of telling you that the local Consulate of the USA just advised me that the documents for your visa have arrived here.  Since those at the Consulate are very busy for the next few days, I was asked to wait 8 days to visit the Consulate about this matter.

I am very happy to give you this good news.  In three or four days I will contact the American Consulate to find out on which day you will be able to present yourself.

In case you need to tell me something, please write to me, because I am very busy these days and do not have time to go to Moda.

I am sending you 50 pounds via the person delivering this letter; I assume this will be welcome for you.

Hoping to see you again within a week, I greet you warmly

Yomtov Cohen


Earlier in the year, we saw several letters from Yomtov Kohen – I believe he was one of Vitali’s nephews. He was a successful businessman, working for the Turkish division of Gislaved, a Swedish company that produced rubber goods. I found a Turkish site which is selling a copy of Yomtov’s business card.

We saw other letters from Yomtov in the June 22, July 20, January 14, January 26, and April 17 posts (listed in the order they were sent during 1945 and 1946). What a comfort it must have been for Helene to have his emotional and financial support, as well as a connection to her beloved Vitali. Fortunately, Helene was still in Moda when Yomtov wrote this letter, since we learned in the September 25 post that the Joint was planning to move the refugees to less expensive lodging. After they moved the refugees, it became difficult for Vitali’s relatives to find and visit Helene. I do not know what 50 Turkish pounds were worth, but it must have felt like a windfall!

September 25

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As we learned earlier in the year (see July 10 post), Helene was part of a prisoner trade which led to her release from Ravensbrück, put on board the Swedish ship Drottningholm to Istanbul, and interned there in April 1945. In the absence of any governmental bodies taking responsibility for these penniless and traumatized souls, the American Joint Distribution Committee (the Joint) took responsibility: interviewing the prisoners, helping connect them to loved ones around the world, and facilitating transport to their ultimate destination – whether it be their country of origin, another country that would take them in, or Palestine. At this time, the Joint was trying to help Jews all over Europe, and this small group of refugees was costing them a lot of time and effort with very little results.

Today we see excerpts from two letters letter from the JDC archives. The first letter is from Arthur Fishzohn who worked on behalf of the Joint to Earl L. Packer, the interim chargé d’affaires at the American Embassy in Ankara; the second is from Packer to Celal Osman Abacıoğlu from the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs:


September 20th, 1945

Earl L. Packer Esq/.
Chargé d’Affaires ad interim,
American Embassy, Ankara

Subject: Re “Drottningholm refugees”

Dear Mr. Packer,

…there are now a total of 49 refugees still interned. We are making strenuous efforts to obtain visas for these people to…countries where they resided previous to the war. 

As you know, the financial burden for carrying these refugees at the hotel in Moda… is very high and we are trying to reduce these excessive costs. A Jewish Istanbul resident, who owns a summer house in Burgas Island has offered us this house, without charge, for the accommodation of the interned refugees.

At my request, one of the local leaders of the Jewish community applied to the Police Headquarters in Istanbul asking for the transfer of these people to Burgas Island. The police seem disposed to grant this request but advised that permission … should be obtained through the authorities in Ankara.

I would deem it a great favor if you would take this matter up at your first opportunity with the Foreign Office – or perhaps it is the Office of the Interior – and would welcome hearing from you as soon as conveniently possible.

With many thanks,

Sincerely yours,
Arthur Fishzohn


 Ankara, September 25, 1945

M. Celal Osman Abacıoğlu
Director General of the Department of Consular Affairs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ankara

Dear Mr. Abacıoğlu,

Referring to our conversation today regarding the Drottningholm refugees now living at the hotel in Moda, Istanbul, … Mr. Arthur Fishzohn has requested the Embassy to inquire whether permission may be granted to enable the refugees to move from the hotel in Moda to a summer house on the Island of Burgas, owned by an influential Istanbul Jewish resident, who has offered the house without charge for the use of the refugees referred to.

In view of the fact that as the Joint Distribution Committee is paying for the living expenses of the refugees at the hotel in Moda … I should be grateful if you might find it possible to ascertain whether the proposed change of residence of the refugees could be authorized.

Sincerely yours,
E.L. Packer


Helene listed and described the different locations she had stayed in Istanbul in the letter posted on February 2. Here is a photo taken during her time in Istanbul:

Helene+in+Istanbul.JPG

Although the war was officially over, Helene was still a prisoner. I don’t know how much my grandmother knew about the other refugees interned in Istanbul – over the months she undoubtedly saw fellow internees leave one by one, but she was not so lucky. Part of the problem is that she didn’t know her children’s addresses so letters yet again took a long time to reach their destination – when last she’d heard, Eva was in nursing school and Harry had just finished high school. In the intervening years, Eva had graduated and gotten married and Harry had joined the army.

September 13

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Today we see two letters written in September 1939 to Helene’s nephew Paul Zerzawy in New York. He arrived in the U.S. in April and is trying to find his feet while also helping his relatives in their efforts to emigrate. It may be that they were sent in the same envelope.

LT.0397.1939 (2.3) envelope front.JPG
LT.0397.1939 (1.3) letter.JPG

13, September 1939

My dear!

I suppose you have written to me, as I have to you, and that your letter describes the clipper… of August 19.  I don’t have anything new to report.  Since the war began, I haven’t received any mail from Europe.  Please follow my suggestion and send mail about once a week, even if just a card (numbered!).  Mail from neutral countries seems to be getting through.

Warmly,

The Cohen Family


LT.0388.1939 (1.2) front.JPG
LT.0388.1939 (2.2) back.JPG

Vienna, 9/11/39

Dear Paul,

Please don’t worry about us.  We will certainly try to leave somehow, but we don’t have any prospects at the moment.  Maybe you can write to the Zentners to get our ship tickets transferred to another line.  Here, you see, we can only pay in dollars; since the tickets from the USA are paid for, we cannot complete this transaction.  I don’t know which ship line you could consider because there may be changes. At this time, it would be possible to take the Italian line; however, it would have to be paid for in hard currency/foreign money.  I hope this can be taken care of soon.

If you write to Robert, tell him not to worry about us.

I’ll write more next time; I’m out of room today. 

Try to send us some news the same way.

Warmly,
Eva

Dear Paul,
Once we did experience history, but it was not that exciting.  I hope a direct connection is possible soon.

Kisses,
Helene

Paulie, look, here I am again today.  Don’t worry.
A thousand kisses.
Illegible signature


Each of today’s letters have an element of confusion in them. Paul has been in the U.S. since April and is trying to help bring Helene’s family to join him. The typewritten letter has the #2 at the top, meaning it was the second of Helene’s numbered letters from Vienna to America. It is dated and postmarked September 13, 1939 from Istanbul, Turkey with a return address from Josef de Sévillia who I believe was married to one of Vitali’s sisters. Did Helene post-date the letter, knowing it wouldn’t be sent until several days after she wrote it?

The handwritten letter was confusing because Eva was already adopting the month/date order that we use in the U.S. (month-date-year), rather than the European convention (date-month-year), but used a Roman numeral for the day (XI) which in the letters written in German would indicate the month. So naturally, the letter was originally archived with the date of November 9, 1939. However, that would be impossible because Eva and Harry were in San Francisco by October. In the August 19 post, we learned that they had ship tickets and expected to arrive in New York on September 7. It appears that this letter was sent via Istanbul as well – perhaps in the same envelope as the typewritten letter? They would be following their own advice by sending these letters to Vitali’s Turkish relatives and asking them to forward them to cousin Paul. Mail between Germany (Austria was annexed in 1938) and the U.S. was unreliable at best. 

Three people wrote something on the handwritten letter – Eva, her mother Helene, and a third person. At first I thought the last part was a second note from Helene before posting the letter, but the signature looks nothing like hers. Perhaps it’s Paula, the friend who wrote so many letters after the war assuring Helene of Vitali’s survival?

I wonder whether Helene’s sentence about experiencing history alludes to a literary quote. I assume she is talking about the fact that she and Paul had been separated by war before, when he was a soldier in WWI.

August 13

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a letter from someone named Baky, a friend from Istanbul. Helene left Istanbul in April and has been in San Francisco for three months.

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Istanbul, August 15/46

My dear friend Mrs. Helene Cohen,

I received your letter and I was happy to read it and to know that you live with your dear children. But I am unhappy for you about your husband. I hope he is alive and you will be glad with him very soon. My dear it is very kind of you to write me all about you and I thank you for it.

You know very well that I am interested in your own happiness. My dear I was always waiting for your letter, and my opinion about you was right. Everybody asked me if I had news from you, adding “she has certainly forgotten you.” I answered “If she writes me or not it’s just the same, I love her the same.”

And now here is your dear very dear letter after long silence, you told me that you are longing for me; honestly? Thanks; you can believe me dear friend that I am longing for you too. I have never forgotten since our last handshake in ? [perhaps Eminönü? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin%C3%B6n%C3%BC] when you told me “Baky; I have the impression that it is not our last interview” but I think San F is so far, is it possible? But near of heart. Now my dear friend you ought to take care of your own health; you have suffered so much in Mme Lovenstein’s and Mme Sarna’s [?] or Dr. L…’s [?] country isn’t it?

My very dear friend, I read with great attention all about your voyage with their disagreements, then your happy meeting of your dear children and all about the life in San Francisco, you said that there is abundance of fruit; you are lucky it is just for you the best food, don’t forget but the best luck is to live with a nice gentleman like your son-in-law.

My dear, time and time again when I come across all your things you gave me I kiss them because I feel that I see your own gay, light and frank face.

You no need going to school, but I think that I need more than you.

Here the same life: from hospital home and from home to hospital, I am working working then I write nothing but English to write you more correctly. Give my best regards to your dear children. My parents send their compliments.

With affectionate kisses I remain yours

Baky

P.S. Dear I couldn’t answer you sooner because I was unwell, excuse me please.
Don’t forget me.


I do not know who Baky was – this is the only letter I have from her and I haven’t seen her name mentioned anywhere else. In the letter posted on March 4, Helene wrote about being hospitalized in Istanbul for a “nervous breakdown.” Baky writes of working at a hospital – I wonder if they met there? I assume that the names I can’t decipher refer to officials at Ravensbrück who caused Helene and others so much suffering.

One thing that strikes me from this and other letters to Helene is how much people seemed to love her – these letters paint a picture of someone endearing, generous, and charismatic. It must have been such a disorienting and disturbing time for everyone – both those who fled and those who stayed: the trauma of the recent war; economic hardship; one’s near and dear ones often spread across the globe with little expectation of ever seeing or connecting with each other again, or certainly not in the intimate way they were used to.

August 9

I have posted earlier documents from the Joint Distribution Committee (the Joint) that I found in the JDC Archives. Today I am including text from some of the memos written in August 1945 regarding the Drottningholm passengers stranded in Istanbul since April. We read about Helene’s experience in the February 2 post where she describes her nomadic life during her first few months in Istanbul. She had no idea what was going on behind the scenes.The letters below help us understand the complexity of the situation. We see that despite the best will in the world to free prisoners and help them reunite with their families, politics, bureaucracies, diplomacy, and economics served to make life for these refugees difficult indeed.


From an August 8, 1945 from Arthur Fishsohn in Istanbul to Judah Magnes at the Joint in Jerusalem:

Ref. No. 92

Dear Dr. Magnes,

Re: Drottningholm refugees

I was in Ankara on August 2nd and reviewed with Mr. Packer the entire matter of the Drottningholm passengers still detained here. Mr. Packer arranged an appointment for me with Mr. Celal Osmarr Abacıoğlu, Director General of Turkish Consular Affairs (of Ministry of Foreign Affairs). 

Mr. Abacıoğlu insisted that the Turkish Government did not know of the presence on board of Drottningholm of any of the Jewish passengers until the ship was about to arrive at Port Said (he stated that the boat had been reserved only for Turkish diplomats and students). The Turkish Foreign Office, he said, then promptly cabled London stating this group was unknown to the Foreign Office; had no right to be on the ship and asked London to permit all of the group to be landed at Port Said and from there to be permitted to go to Palestine. However, by the time London was advised, the boat had already left Port Said and was Istanbul bound. At the request of Mr. Packer and for “humanitarian” reasons, the group was permitted to land here. Mr. Abacıoğlu took the further position that much latitude has been shown by the Foreign Office in accepting as nationals a number of persons who had really forfeited their claim to Turkish citizenship. With respect however to the group that is still interned, Mr. Abacıoğlu stated that not only had they lost their Turkish nationality status long before their arrival here but that they have no documents, no relatives, no resources and little, if any, connection with anything Turkish. He felt, under all the circumstances, that his Government had been very fair and that the United States or any other Government would not have acted differently.

Before visiting Mr. Abacıoğlu I had thought to point out that the Swiss representative action on behalf of the Turkish as well as the German Government had permitted the Jewish passengers to board the Drottningholm; that accordingly the Turkish Government was bound by the act of its agent and for that reason should, at least, free from internment the entire group and permit them to stay here as refugees until arrangements could be made for their emigration to Palestine or other countries. Mr. Packer (with whom I discussed this prior to my appointment with Mr. Abacıoğlu) however, felt that it would serve no useful purpose to bring up this point. Accordingly in my discussion with Mr. Abacıoğlu I asked that the interned group be freed on a bond or guarantee to the effect that any member of the group would be produced whenever the authorities wanted him. Mr. Abacıoğlu at first stated this could not be done, later asked what was done in such matters in the U.S. When I explained they would be freed either on their own recognizance or on bond, he inquired how much “time” I wanted. I asked him a minimum of 3 months and he replied that he would take the matter up “unofficially” with higher officials but thought that it would make his presentation of the case more difficult to ask for “such a long period”. …

I related to Mr. Packer my discussion with Mr. Abacıoğlu who agreed that it was difficult enough to do anything even in three months. Of course, Mr. Packer will do what he can to press the matter of release of the group at least on bond.

In my letter No. 87 I mentioned that 21 of the group of 46 persons who had been released on June 21st, were ordered reinterned but that Mr. Brod’s personal guarantee was accepted by the police here, so that these people still remained free, although of course their nationality status is now in doubt. I had thought to discuss this matter with Mr. Abacıoğlu on two counts; first, to inquire into the reason for the reinternment; second, to ask that the form of guarantee given by Mr. Brod for the 21 should be accepted for all of the remaining internees. However, it was brought to my attention before I met with Mr. Abacıoğlu (through a very responsible source) that it might be best not to refer to this matter at all, at this time, as the Foreign Office might be unaware that a guarantee for the 21 had been accepted by the police and accordingly I might be stirring up some unnecessary trouble.

Certificates have been obtained and arrangements are being made for 17 additional persons to leave for Palestine within the next ten days to two weeks. …This will reduce the number of people in hotels to 49.

As I indicated in a previous letter (Ref. No. 87) we expect to have available the children’s camp in Burgas for use by about 40 refugees. We had hoped this would be by the 20th of August. It appears now, however, that we cannot get the camp until the middle of September. Expenses will be sharply reduced. However, this will not solve the ultimate problem of repatriation of these people. All of them are in fact “stateless”. It may be possible in a few individual cases to convince the Consulates of the countries where they were previously residing to grant them visas (so far we have had no luck in this respect). The only solution I can see is obtaining Palestinian certificates for some more of these people and getting the assistance of our own State Department and War Refugee Board (I understand the W.R.B. is going out of existence at the end of this month), in interceding on behalf of the remaining refugees with the Governments of the countries where they should like to return.

Sincerely yours,
Arthur Fishsohn 


From an August 16, 1945 letter from Arthur Fishsohn in Istanbul to Donald Hurwitz at the American Joint Distribution Committee in New York:

Ref. No. 46                             August 16, 1945

Dear Don,

Your letter dated June 6th reached me only today. It had been misdirected by the postal authorities to Tehran, but finally found its way back to Istanbul. …

The volume of work here has increased greatly in the past few months, specifically since “V E Day”. A good deal of this work has had to do with detailed arrangement concerning shipments of supplies into the Balkans. You know what a headache it is to arrange for shipment of human cargo – you had the experience when you were in Lisbon, but you will probably find it hard to believe that so many involvements can develop when one tries to arrange for shipment of supplies to the Balkans….

The Drottningholm matter has become almost a cause célèbre, but even here the situation is becoming brighter. Out of an initial 116 people interned in hotels, we now have 50. They are not Turkish nationals and so cannot be repatriated here. We are doing everything possible to get the consuls of the various countries where they resided before the war, to grant them visas even tho’ they are not nationals of such countries. 

Heretofore, the Consuls were adamant in their refusals to consider these cases. Now however, it looks like they are beginning to give way. It will still take a lot of urging and pressure but we hope that in the not too distant future we will be able to get these people back to their “old” countries….


From an August 18, 1945 letter from Arthur Fishsohn in Istanbul to Judah Magnes at the Joint in Jerusalem:

Dear Dr. Magnes,

Re: Drottningholm

There are now 50 internees left. Since my last letter on this matter (Ref. 92), the possibilities of getting visas for the internees for the countries where they had previously resided and to which they wish to return, appears somewhat brighter. There are 16 persons who wish to return to Belgium and the Belgian Consul here will now accept their applications for visas and has indicated he will do everything possible to obtain their issuance. The Dutch Consul (there are 14 in this category who wish to go back to Holland) will consider the question of granting visas and hopes to advise us shortly on this matter. The Italian group (there are 10 people) also appear to have fairly good chances for visas to return to Italy. As a matter of fact, three or four persons have already received visas in the past several days and also the required permission of the Allied Central Commission in Italy to return to that country. We have 3 persons in the French group and the French Consulate is presently considering their applications.

This change of thinking on the part of various consulates has taken place very recently as up to now they have refused consistently to consider visa requests for persons other than their own nationals.

Such people as obtain visas will of course be looking for transportation costs because none of them have any resources. Should the matter of such costs be left to the HICEM here? If not, I should like to receive authorization to pay these costs. I will have to use American Dollars so that it will be necessary to obtain additional funds from New York for this purpose or New York might permit me to use some money from the $50,000 recently sent me for freight transportation charges…

I have heard nothing yet from Ankara with regard to the matter of the guarantee for the interned group, but have written Mr. Packer about it and hope that he may soon have some favorable news…..


From an August 27, 1945 letter from Arthur Fishsohn in Istanbul to Simon Brod in Istanbul:

Dear Mr. Brod,

On Saturday Mr. Mazon spoke with my Secretary on the telephone and indicated that the Burgas House will be available to us for the “DROTTININGHOLM” Refugees beginning September 10th, 1945.

It is necessary however to make arrangements to sign a lease or contract for the premises before we take possession. I would appreciate it if you would have Mr. Mazon confirm this conversation and obtain any other details that may be necessary, in order that we do not have any further hitch in connection with this matter. It is possible also that we may have to visit Burgas for the purpose of being in a better position to make plans for the number to be admitted etc. If so let me know and we will arrange a fixed time to make this visit….

August 1

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

This letter from 1941 is labeled #118 – meaning that Helene had sent at least 118 letters to her family in San Francisco since she began numbering them in December of 1939. I have about 100 letters from that period – as Helene suspected, not all of her letters made it to their destination. The letter is damaged so the last big paragraph might not be translated correctly.

 Vienna, 1 August 1941

My dear children! 2 years ago today we were running around with pleasant stomach aches. We imagined we were going to see you on the 4th at 8 in the evening. I can still see myself walking the whole train to get a glance of my children but this didn’t happen. Eva was already standing on the train platform talking to Papa. Harry decided it was a good idea to stay in the background a little bit and let Eva prepare us for what he looked like. The stomach ache and the shivering knees are still with me today, just that the hope of such a train station scene is now with the roles reversed and it seems very far away. We are condemned to sit around and do nothing about our issues here and our hope is that our luck is dependent on yours and on your cleverness in dealing with these matters. It is impossible not to believe that fate has a hand in the game. It is very distressing that the door was slammed in front of us, but on the other hand, when believes in fate, it’s possible to endure it. “We will get away on time” says Papa, as he always does. He’s in such a good mood and he is so confident that he can hardly understand my impatience. This time I even insist that he must be right about this after all. There’s not much left of our tiny circle of acquaintances here and there is nothing nice to report so I will just confine myself to writing about generalities.

“C’mon let’s get to it,” speaking in Harry’s jargon. It is August now. The heat is the only thing that has remained the same and the airy clothing (usually none at all) of the neighbors across the way, assures us that they find it so hot as we do. Yesterday following Papa’s orders, I took 2 aspirin and I was surprised that these candies had such a prompt effect which for me is usually not the effect of being all sweaty. My nightgown was all wet, the pillows felt warm and damp, I lay in a murky puddle. Was I in a jungle? I wasn’t at all surprised when a cobra laughed at me and stuck out its tongue. This feverish bath atmosphere got on my nerves. I threw the pillows, sheets, and my nightgown off of my bed. There’s the solution to this problem. In my hands, I felt a leaking heating pad [Thermophore - brand name for a moist heating pad]. It had leaked out and it seemed like it was dried out. I have never seen Papa so quick and nimble. In no time, he brought fresh bed clothes and he turned the mattresses over, which on the other side looked like they had been under a chronic bed wetter. He rubbed me down and said “My word, you’re like a big chamois! Couldn’t you have called me a little earlier?” I was so proud of the unusual effect that the aspirin had had on me. Although I had been dried off, my skin looked like the hands of a washerwoman after a big wash day. My mattresses are standing up against the window and are being exposed mercilessly to the rising August sun and I hope that they will have the strength to get rid of the water they have soaked up. Well...

I was just interrupted by Jo. She had had some sort of argument 14 days ago and she vented about her bad mood. She came to make it an issue with me because I had not bothered about her while she was sooo sick. Of course, she was so sick that I am happy right now, but you know my mentality. I believe everything, so I am deceived by the stupidest people. Why shouldn’t I give my loved ones a little joy?

To close off the letter, I will make my stereotypical communication that I hope to get mail from you and that I love you unendingly.

I am greeting all of our dear ones and I still long to see you.

Helen

P.S. Please when you get a chance can you let me know which of my letters by number did not arrive? Of course, I mean those from the last months.


Helene begins her letter recalling her joyful reunion with her children two years earlier when they returned to Vienna after a few months in Istanbul to obtain their passports. As we saw in the June 6 post, in that short time, Harry had changed a lot – growing much leaner and taller, becoming almost unrecognizable. In recalling this earlier reunion, Helene is dreaming of a future one. The roles are now reversed and she is relying on her children to help them in their efforts to leave Vienna and join them in San Francisco.

In many of her letters, Helene looks to fate to pave the way. In the February 15 post, we saw a story Helene wrote about Vitali entitled “On being fatalistic.” When writing the Febraury 18 post, I realized that her description of fate comes from Goethe’s Faust. Sadly, in so many ways, fate was unkind to Helene and Vitali.

Throughout their lives, both Eva and Harry would describe themselves as fatalists – one of the many lessons they learned from their parents. I now realize that each time they would call themselves fatalists, they were evoking the memory of their parents. At the end of Harry’s life, we worked together to write his obituary. Harry spoke at length about how lucky he had been in his life – being an optimist, he dwelt on the aspects of fate that had been kind to him.

July 25

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

When translating my grandmother’s letters, we began with the typed letters to Helene’s children, which seemed most important and were most legible. My archivist sorted the letters by date, recipient, and the location they were found. Because of this, the handwritten letters to Paul were some of the last to be translated. As we have seen, these help us piece together the story of my family’s journey.

At the time of this letter, Eva and Harry are living in Istanbul to obtain passports to join Paul in America. In Vienna, Helene and Vitali are doing everything they can to organize their children’s passage. Paul is in New York, having arrived in the U.S. a few months earlier. He was sponsored by his mother’s cousin’s son Arthur Schiller (son of Bertha and George, with whom Eva would live when she arrived in San Francisco), a law professor at Columbia. Paul’s brother Robert has been in England for a few months. 

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Vienna, 25 July 1939

Paul, why do you not write to me? I don’t know what I should think. Existential questions, different climate, tiredness, just no desire to write. Yeah, I know. I can imagine your situation, but just a postcard Paul, a postcard with just a few lines would be enough. It would free me of this pressure that I feel from your lack of writing. My fantasy does not come up with such beautiful flowers through my reading of trashy novels, but I live in Vienna and do you still remember a Wallace who needed to sit down to put out 300,000 editions for the army? Are you ever going to answer? We expect the children to be back soon when they have traveled in the shortest time, by ship. Arthur Schiller is at his parents’ house so I will probably have to ask you to take care of meeting the children and taking them in. Weren’t you in touch with the Schillers? Hasn’t he granted you any dispositions about the children? Bertha wrote to me that she hopes that the children will not arrive right when Arthur is not there, July-August. I don’t want to leave the children in Vienna any longer than I have to however. Papa Zentner told me good things about you about Dr. Heinz and French bread. Are you in touch with him? As soon as I know more details about the children’s departure, I will write to those two in case you may not be in New York, so they will be able to take care of them when they arrive.

Mela W wrote to me last week to ask how you are doing. Paula J also asked for your address, and Marie and Mila who have been in San Remo for 14 days to recover. This case, which in my opinion, is hopeless, in our circle of acquaintances has gone up in smoke. A letter from Robert, in whose health I believe very firmly, did bring me some joy. Few, in fact very few, familiar faces are here. The vacuum becomes greater every day. Please Paul, write, write, write.

Many kisses
Helen


We get a real feel for the urgency Helene feels and how quickly things are changing in Vienna. Helene is trying to work out the logistics from afar – who will be in New York to meet her children when they arrive in the U.S.? Their ultimate destination is San Francisco, so she wants to make sure an adult familiar with how things work will be there to meet them and facilitate their journey.

I did a quick search for “Wallace 300,000 army WWI” and found an article about Colonel William Wallace, who commanded an American unit in Italy in 1918. According to the article, although theirs was the only unit stationed there, the Austrians believed that they would be facing 300,000 men. Wallace decided to play on their fears and made it appear like he had many more men. The main definition of the word Auflagen is “edition”. Other definitions relate to printing terms like copies and impressions. Given Helene’s experience in newspapers and stationery perhaps she was alluding to how Wallace made it seem like there were many more “copies” of men.

July 20

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a letter from Yomtov Cohen, one of Vitali’s relatives (a nephew or cousin?) in Istanbul. We have seen previous letters he wrote trying to facilitate her release and emigration to the U.S. to rejoin her children at last. Helene arrived in Istanbul two months earlier in a prisoner trade which liberated her from Ravensbrück and has been living as a prisoner in Istanbul as well. In a few of Harry’s letters to his sister Eva (see May 17, June 5 and July 13 posts), it is clear he is frustrated about not being in San Francisco to help her bring their mother over. Letters and memos from the Joint, which was paying for housing for the prisoners in Istanbul, talk about trying to move people though as quickly and economically as possible (see July 10 post). I assume I have this letter because it was sent to Eva in San Francisco to help her understand what steps were necessary to speed up her mother’s release. This letter touches on yet another worry for Helene – will she be “encouraged” (pressured?) to go to Palestine instead of waiting for the resources to get to her desired destination?


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Istanbul, July 20, 1945

Dear Mrs. Helene,

I have received your valued letter.

According to your wishes, I sent one of my employees to the American Vice Consul to find out something about your case.  He was informed that the papers having to do with the affidavit have not been received yet.  To speed things up, it would be necessary for Eva in America to expedite sending in the relevant documents.  Can you write to your daughter and send me the letter so that I can send it on to her via airmail?

As far as the registrations are concerned, my employee was given the enclosed form which you should kindly answer and return to me so that your request may be registered at the American Consulate.  However, I have the impression that the matter will take quite a while.  Thus, expediting the matter in America could speed things up here.

Could you please let me know what your situation is here.  Will you be able to stay here longer, or will you be encouraged to go to Palestine?

Expecting, as always, your valued news, I remain

Yomtov

July 10

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

As we learned earlier in the year, Helene’s travails were not over upon her release from Ravensbrück. She boarded the Drottingholm in Goteberg in March 1945 and arrived in Istanbul in April. In the April 16 post, we learned of the hurdles that the released prisoners faced upon arrival in Istanbul. In the April 20 post we saw that although the passengers were allowed to leave the ship, 112 of them became prisoners again, being interned in hotels in Istanbul. Today, from excerpts from documents found in the JDC archives, we see what little progress had been made in the previous three months for many of these people, including my grandmother.

From a July 16th, 1945 memo from The American Joint Distribution Committee c/o American Consulate General in Istanbul:

Subject: Drottningholm Jewish Refugees not yet permitted formally to enter Turkey

The Drottningholm, Swedish diplomatic liner, arrived in Istanbul on April 10th, 1945, from Goteborg, Sweden. The sip carried several hundred Turkish repatriates who were to be exchanged for German nationals, then interned in Turkey.

One hundred thirty seven of those people were Jewish, every one of whom had been taken directly from concentration camps such as Buchenwald, Ravensbruck, Bergen Belsen, Auschwitz, etc. They were brought to Goteberg and there placed on board the Drottningholm. With few exceptions, they carried no documents establishing their citizenship or even identity, since such documents had, in most instances, been confiscated by Nazi camp commandants or other Nazi authorities.

Twenty one Jewish passengers were permitted to debark on the day the ship docked. The Turkish nationality status of the remaining 116 individuals was questioned by the Turkish authorities and so this entire group was interned in small hotels, under police surveillance, pending investigation and decision by the authorities with regard to their nationality.

Costs for their maintenance were and still are being paid for by the American Joint Distribution Committee.

On June 21st, after many weeks of investigation, 46 individuals were released (presumably on the theory that they were Turkish nationals)….

Today (July 10th) six more individuals …were sent to Palestine….and need no longer be considered part of this list.

Accordingly, there are, at this writing, 63 persons still interned in the hotels and there is no indication at this time what the Turkish authorities propose doing with this remaining group.

When the Drottiningholm reached Istanbul, everyone of these refugees… told the local police who were investigating their cases that they were Turkish nationals. In many cases this was so. In other instances they did not honestly know whether their nationality status was Turkish or not. However, in practically all cases they have been Turkish by birth or through marriage, although, as frequently happened, they failed to renew their Turkish citizenship. All of these people have lived for many years – in some cases all of their lives – in Belgium, Holland, Italy, Austria, France, Germany and Czechoslovakia. They did not ask to be brought to Istanbul and it is therefore the responsibility of the Turkish Government to either return them to the countries where they last resided, or else accept them in Turkey

• as Turkish repatriates or
• as refugees with the right to remain here until arrangements can be completed for their departure to other countries.

The Turkish authorities have taken the position that the entire group of Jewish passengers were placed on board the Drottningholm without the knowledge of the Turkish Government. This can hardly be possible because in an exchange of nationals especially during war time clearance of passenger lists must have been made by the Turkish Government.

Certainly, there is no reason why the refugees still remaining here should be penalized by continued internment because of an error or misunderstanding on the part of the Turkish authorities, over which situation, these refugees had no control.

This group has already been interned in hotels without freedom of movement for three and a half months. As previously pointed out, everyone was in a concentration camp – some for several years. It is injust and inhuman to continue to confine them especially now with the war in Europe over.

It is respectfully urged that steps be taken for these people by our State Department, War Refugee Board and other interested agencies looking toward:

• their immediate release from internment
• acceleration of decision of the Turkish Government concerting their Turkish nationality status.
• granting permission to those not recognized as Turkish nationals to remain in Turkey as refugees on their own recognizance for a reasonable period (perhaps 6 months or a year).
• whenever possible to return them to their countries of previous residence.

Arthur Fishsohn,
For American Joint Distribution Committee,
Istanbul


Helene Cohen was listed on the July 14, 1945 document entitled “Drottingholm Jewish Refugees not yet permitted to formally enter Turkey” that accompanied the above memo.  For each prisoner, the document lists name, age, date and place of birth, pre-war residence, evidence of Turkish citizenship and its loss, desired destination, and remarks including relatives to contact of the 68 remaining prisoners. Here is a screenshot for the entry for Helene:

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 COHEN, Helene; 50; Nov 23, 1886; Bilin (Czechoslovakia) (Austrian in 1886); Austria, Vienna; Turk citizen by marriage to Haim COHEN, who remained T. citizen till 1943, when he was interned in Buchenwald; America United States; Her daughter, Mrs. Eva GOLDSTEIN, 2319-21st Ave. San Francisco – United States citizen. Has also a son – Harry SOWELL - in U.S. as U.S. citizen

As with the newspaper article we saw yesterday, the information is not entirely correct – the last names for both of Helene’s children, Eva’s address. The list includes the different “locations” of Bilin during Helene’s lifetime.

July 1

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a letter and document each from July 1, 1939 concerning the Cohen family’s efforts to come to the United States.

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 American Consulate General Vienna, Germany

Mr. & Mrs. Haim Seneor Cohen and Helene Cohen

Under consideration of the questionnaire which you have filled out and submitted here containing your request for preregistration for the purpose of emigration into the United States of America, it is being communicated to you that you have been registered as of the date October 21, 1938 on the Turkish waiting list under the preregistration number Turk. 53 D, 53 E.

You will be notified in good time when your number on the waiting list has come up. This written document is to be carefully preserved. A copy cannot be issued. The preregistration number is not the same as the quota number.

Stamp: American Consulate General Vienna, Germany                 July 1, 1939


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Vienna 1 July 1939

My dear Paul! On the 20th of July, the children have an appointment for a medical examination. Since we took all necessary steps to take care of this formality in Istanbul, it is not impossible that the emigration of the two children can happen at an even earlier time than we thought. All documents are ready. Vitali has really outdone himself this time. If I try to tell you about his work, there’s too much to delve into. As soon as we have the date set, we will let Arthur know and the Zentners so you will know about receiving the children. I am very happy that my patience of a lamb is not going to leave me in the lurch. It becomes clearer every day that doubt is a sacrilege. There are also things I could say about me, but I’m protected from head to toe from everything that does not have to do with the children’s departure. As soon as this question is clarified, you will hear about our plans. I think of you every day and I must ask you not to worry about the future. You have worked so hard in the last few years that the non-voluntary break from work is almost a blessing. We have no reason to tempt fate so don’t worry about us. If you are in good standing with the lord God like we are, there is nothing to fear. Do not make me wait so long for an answer. Both of you, you and Robert, have the talent to play the violin out of my nerves. I’m hoping you get better soon. How is your health? How do you stand the rather unpleasant New York summer climate? The children have become rather slender. Harry has lost 8kg but he is still healthy and he calls himself a “matjes herring”. Eva has, according to the passport picture, the kind of figure that she always wished she had in Vienna but which the cuisine in Seidlgasse made it possible.

Paul, please write soon and please don’t be insulted that I am sending you postage. I automatically include it with all letters sent to other countries.

Kisses
Helen


Both of today’s documents remind us again of how difficult the process to leave Europe was — no one made it easy or straightforward. As in previous letters, Helene talks about the lengths Vitali went to get the proper paperwork and documentation. It sounds like he haunted the American and Turkish consulates daily.

At this point, Paul Zerzawy has been living in New York for a few months, staying with relative Arthur Schiller who was a law professor at Columbia, and unable to find work. Like Vitali, Paul has spent much of the previous few years trying to get himself and family members out of Europe. When Eva arrived in San Francisco, she stayed with Arthur’s parents. We saw Eva’s letter about the physical exam in the June 26 post.

We saw in the letters from April 13 and May 7, 1940, that almost a year after today’s letter, Helene addressed Harry as “matjes herring” – her pickled herring. It appears he dubbed himself that in a letter I do not have that he wrote to his parents from Istanbul. I thought Helene made up all her pet names for her children, but apparently sometimes she had help! A friend who read this post found the following definition of “pickled herring”: “[Dutch pekelharing, from German pickelhering, from Pickelhering, droll comic character of the 17th century German stage] : buffoon.”

June 26

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

This is a copy of a letter from Eva and Harry to the American Consulate General. I assume it was written by Eva — her English is fairly good, but not as fluent as it would become.

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 Istanbul 26 June 1939

EVA & HARRY KOHEN
            From Vienna III Seidlgasse 25
at present living in
Istanbul Sisli Bomonti Sagdic Sokak 14

            To the American Consul General       in         Istanbul

“Concerns the emigration of the above-mentioned Eva and Harry Kohen to the U.S.A.”

We recently received from the American consul General in Vienna a summons to the physical inquiry for July 20th 1939. We are enregistered on June 7th 1938 with the German Quota 28475-76

As we are at present in Turkey and do not want to return to Vienna, we beg you to communicate to the American Consulate in Vienna in order to get the permission that the physical inquiry should take place at the American Consulate in Istanbul and that you should be authorized to give out the visum.

We beg you to write as quick as possible to Vienna, as the physical inquiry must take place on July 20th 1939, otherwise it is possible that our emigration to the U.S.A. would be much delayed.

Please write us before long, to the above-mentioned address if it is possible to get here the visa.

Awaiting your quickest answer we remain, yours sincerely


Apple maps took me to Sağdıç Sk. No:14 in Istanbul:

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The German quota appears to refer to US immigration quotas for Germany and Austria. It looks like Eva and Harry had visa numbers #28475 and 28476. According to the USHMM, only 27,370 visas were available, so they must have been added from the waiting list.

We see again the number of hoops there were to jump to escape an awful situation when no one wants you – neither the country or countries (both Austria/Germany and Turkey) eager to see you go (but perhaps more eager to torture you), nor your desired destination. Unlike their parents, Eva and Harry’s story had a happy ending.

June 22

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships. 

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Istanbul, June 22, 1945

Dear Mrs. Helene, 

I am forwarding a telegram to you from San Francisco and letting you know that I took the same document to the American Consulate and spoke to Mr. Mac Vigor, the Vice Consul, about your case.

I was told that at this time these matters cannot be handled; registrations will however, start on July 15.  I was told to come back then. 

Mr. Mac Vigor might be willing to meet with you; below, I give you his address and his office hours in case you want to pay him a visit. 

Extending you my best greetings, I remain
Your
Yomtov Cohen

Address
Mr. Mac Vigor
Vice Consul
American Embassy
Beyoglu, Mesrutiyet Caddesi
Office Hours:  Mornings, 10 a.m. – noon
                      Afternoons, 3 p.m. to 5 p.m.


The Joint Distribution Committee (the Joint) had taken on the expense and responsibility for Jewish prisoners who had been freed in a prisoner trade and brought to Istanbul. However, their funds were limited and they did everything they could to resettle the prisoners and if possible reunite them with their family as soon as they could.

On the back of the letter is a note Helene drafted in English saying “Not allowed stay here any longer. Affidavit urgent or shall be sent to Palestine.” I assume this was the contents of a telegram she sent to Eva in San Francisco. The affidavit must have been provided, since Helene remained in Istanbul until she was able to come to the U.S. in 1946.

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It seems cruel and unfair that after years of being trapped in Vienna and the horror of Ravensbrück, Helene could not escape bureaucracy, penury, and isolation. Rather than feeling joy and relief, she found herself sent down an unending rabbit hole of complications and delays.

Earlier this year (see posts from January 14 and January 26), we saw other efforts by Vitali’s relative Yomtov Cohen to help Helene. It must have been heartening to know that despite her difficulties, she had an ally.

June 12

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a letter from Helene’s daughter Eva in Istanbul to her cousin Paul Zerzawy in the U.S. — Eva and Harry’s parents Helene and Vitali are in Vienna trying to arrange for their family’s departure to the U.S.

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 Istanbul, 12 June ‘39

Dear Paul!

We got copies of both of your letters from Mother. It is very nice of you to help us but I don’t think your efforts will have much success because there are a lot of people here who are waiting for their emigration to America. It’s not a bad place to wait in Istanbul. At first I didn’t like it here, because in the best and most elegant streets the cobblestones are as bad as in the worst suburbs in Vienna. Going through the entire city as far as I know the city, there is like one street which goes pretty straight and is fairly good and there are to the left and the right small streets that go downhill to the sea and uphill to the other side. To make walking even more difficult, on the sidewalk there are what appear to be half inch high steps which one has to climb up. Now finally I am starting to see what beautiful buildings there are in the streets, because at first I was just paying attention to my feet so I wouldn’t fall. In the first month we were here, we had no money at all, but then as if some sort of miracle, a donation came for which I could buy some material for making silk flowers. Unfortunately, there’s not a whole lot to be done with that here, although most women run around like flower shops. I did get some orders from the two biggest stores, probably because I’m an immigrant, but unfortunately just once because they don’t need anymore. I was working while cooking on the gas flame, trying to save as much as possible, and I earned just about enough that I could buy myself a French textbook and dictionary.

For the last week I have a position as a seamstress in a laundry. And I am getting 15 Turkish lire a day. To translate into hours, I’m getting the equivalent 8RPF an hour. At the moment I’m not getting much done because the idea is that you’re supposed to work quickly, and I don’t even understand how to use the machine very well yet. People in the store are very nice and don’t treat me like an employee. They know that I’m not someone who knows how to do this kind of work and they hired me anyway. I am trying to learn as fast as I can. I do have an hour lunch break that I use for that purpose. One of the bosses speaks German very well and with the other female workers I speak French, but it’s anything but correct. Now I’m actually mostly learning Turkish since I probably have a lot more chance of getting a good job and one that is well paid with that. I must save my money in order to pay for our stay with the relatives because they are being burdened by our stay here. I will them give 7 Turkish lire - that’s all I can give them - because I need the rest for my travel and lunch.

I unfortunately can’t write anymore today because I have to leave and it’s 7:30. My greetings to the Schiller family and I wish that your attempts to find a job will soon find success.

Many Kisses,
Eva

P.S. Send the letters to us together with those from the parents to save postage.


This is one of the few letters I have written by my mother. It’s wonderful to hear her voice and see her handwriting, both of which were virtually the same at 18 as it was at 80. Even at that young age, she was practical, independent, making the best of a difficult situation, spending nothing on herself except for necessities. At least on paper, she sounds optimistic and fearless – she will do whatever it takes to support herself and succeed. She doesn’t complain or rue the things she can’t control or the dreams that are dashed, or at least delayed. At the same time, she is concerned about her own (much older) cousin’s financial situation and asks him not to worry about them. (I was not able to figure out what 15 Turkish lira/8 German Reichsmarks were worth to get a sense of how little or how much Eva was making and spending.)

We heard some of the same news from Helene when she wrote to her nephew on May 30. In that post, we saw examples of Eva’s flower making tools. Helene mentions how amazed she is at the practical streak in her children – they are figuring out how to survive in Istanbul on their own, since the relatives cannot afford to support them. Knowing that her children could thrive independently must have been both heartening and bittersweet – it must have helped her immensely in the years of separation to come to know that they would likely land on their feet.

June 6

Today we have a treasure from Harry, an “Illustrated News Monthly” dated June 7, 1939 from Istanbul. Helene mentions receiving one of his illustrated letters in her letter of March 8 1940. This is the only example I have of these letters. Perhaps inspired by his mother’s love of language, her father’s newspaper, and his own cartooning ability, it seems that Harry sent these to relatives on a somewhat regular basis.

Harry labels this as the “New York Edition” so he must have sent it to Helene’s nephew’s Paul Zerzawy who had arrived in the U.S. in April of 1939 and was trying to find work and make a life in New York.

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Harry packs in a huge amount of information and sense of place in two brief pages. 15-year old Harry includes 2 self-portraits showing how much he’s changed in a few short months, growing both leaner (from walking constantly around Istanbul) and taller. He gives a travelogue including “photos” of the sights and teaches some Turkish language. His humor and sense of fun shine throughout. 

Below are three photos taken several months apart. The first is his first Turkish passport photo to enter Istanbul, I believe the second is his passport photo from the summer, August and the third was taken on board the S.S. Rex in October 1939 as he and Eva made their way to the U.S.


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