October 16

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Today we see school records for Helene’s nephew Paul Zerzawy. In the September 29 post, we saw a photo of his classmates from 1915.

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The above certificate states that Paul was a student of law and political science at the k.k. German Karl-Ferdinands-Universität in Prague and that on October 15, 1915, he passed the state examination in legal history with a satisfactory score.

We learn from this certificate that he was not yet in the army in early fall of 1915. His earliest letter as a soldier was written in November of 1915, so it appears he completed his legal history exam and was then drafted or joined the army.

The pages below from his university enrollment book show that he returned to the university in 1918. He first enrolled in 1913 when he was 18 years old, attended through 1915 and returned to his studies in 1918 after being discharged from the army.

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October 8

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Today we see a postcard from prisoner of war Erich Zerzawy in eastern Siberia to his family in Brüx, Bohemia.

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8./X.17.

My dear ones!

Finally, some cards from you again. I’m so happy that all of you are happy and well. I’ve already congratulated Paul. If this lasts longer, surely he will become a general. But it did make me very happy. It’s so much the same all the time for me. But time flies, and soon we will have winter. At the moment, we still have beautiful fall weather, but in two weeks that can….[censored…]

With many sincere kisses.

Your Erich 

Greetings extended… Greetings to all who remember me, and also to the niece of the above-mentioned Fraulein Erlers who sent me greetings.


This letter has both Russian and Viennese censorship stamps on the front and is the only one in my archive that was clearly censored. The stamp on the message side says “Deleted Abroad”.  The postscript may have been written by another person.

Erich mentions that he congratulated Paul  - on his October 2 birthday perhaps but also on a promotion?

It is hard to imagine enduring a Siberian winter. Particularly as a prisoner of war in the early 20th century. According to Wikipedia, the average annual temperature in Siberia is 23 °F, an average for January of −13 °F. During the search, I discovered something important about my family’s experience during wartime. It was an extremely cold winter all over Europe during December 1916-February 1917. And it happened again during the winter of 1939-1940. We saw letters earlier this year where Helene writes of burning furniture to keep warm in Vienna. See February 22 post. So in addition to the “normal” hardship and deprivation of war for prisoners, soldiers, and civilians, they also had to brave the bitter cold.

October 5

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Today’s letter was written by Paul (on his 22nd birthday) to his brother Robert in Brüx, Bohemia.

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Morgonda 2 October 1917

Dear Robert!

I have already begun to answer your letter that I received today, but since I will not be able to finish it today, I will only write about what could be relevant for our possible meeting. Of course, it is clear that I would be really glad to see you, even twice as glad. First of all, because I think that you will not regret it if you are able to get a position in Bucharest. Second, because the prospect of seeing each other will then be pretty likely. If we are lucky, and if you don’t mind taking the time.

If everything goes normally, we will stay here for another 4 weeks, possibly longer, i.e., pretty much all of October.

I will notify you of any change immediately.

As far as the railroads are concerned:

[Drawing of train lines]

In terms of the railway, as far as I know, after Bucharest there are three main lines:

1. Budapest-Temesvar -Eisernes Tor [Iron Gates Gorge] Craisva – Bucharest
2. Budapest-Arad -Alvinor-Hermannstadt [Sibiu]-Roten-turm-pass
3. From Hermannstadt to Kronstadt [Brasov] to Predeal  

I hope that the rules for non-military travelers in war zone will allow you to go through Hermannstadt (you have to get the necessary documents as soon as possible). From Hermannstadt there is a train which runs on narrow train tracks. In four hours (once a day) to Agnetheln (Agnita). From there you reach Mergelen in two hours by foot. But there are many farm wagons. The other way: Szombatfalva  - Klein Schenk – Gross Schenk is 6 hours.

[Map: Hermannstadt to Szombatfalva] 

From Hermannstadt or Agnetheln you can try to get a telephone connection: The central command stationed in Morgonda station command headquarters is, I think, Nagy Sink (Gross Schenk). Ask there for the Sattler Rüdl (his work hours are 9-12 and 1:30-6) who is here in the station and can help you with all information.

Telegrams take at least 2 days from Vienna. Registered letters take a little less time than Fieldpost. My service and my position here allow me to come to meet you if necessary, e.g., in Agnetheln., or I could go as far as Hermannstadt so that we do not have to meet exactly in Morgonda. Our travel at the front does not go through Bucharest (see map), but rather Szombatfalva   – Kronstadt -Ploesti - Focsani — or so we hope!  

Everything else is in the other letter.

Your Paul


The map below shows most of the locations/train stations mentioned in the letter — you can see that Paul did a pretty good job of drawing a map. I couldn’t find all of the places, because Paul often used the German terms for Romanian place names. The “pin” shows Merghindeal, where Paul was stationed (called Morgona in the letter). Since it was not on a rail line, Robert would have to walk or hitch a ride with a passing farmer.

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This is the only letter in which Paul drew a map, so I was very curious about its contents. Unlike his aunt Helene, Paul was not one for humor and small talk – his letters were only long enough to include all the information he found necessary – he is all business. Although Paul is looking forward to the prospect of seeing his brother, he is anything but effusive!

I do not know whether Robert ever made this trip. It was almost 800 miles from his home in Brüx.

October 3

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Today we have a letter from soldier Paul Zerzawy to his brother Robert in Brüx, Bohemia written in 1918. Pages of this letter got mixed up with pages from the letter we saw on September 16 and 29.  

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3 October 1918

Dear Robert! Your letter from the 26th has left me very depressed, even more because I am not in the position to help you from here with your unpleasant circumstances, and even my advice will not be very helpful to you. As far as the food situation is concerned, I cannot help you other than by sending home as much flour as I can whenever possible. Maybe also the much more important fat. In very small quantities. When you have received enough for your needs, try to trade some of the flour for other food items. So far, I have sent you 19 boxes of flour and 3 boxes of wheat. Significantly more than 150 kg, and again I have about 70 kg wheat in my house now and another 50kg ordered, which hopefully I will have somebody grind. On the 30th, boxes d and e containing beautiful flour were sent to Käthe’s address.

As far as the money question is concerned, you have to speak with Papa. I need my money to purchase wheat. I have already used up my October salary up to 170 Lei [Romanian currency], and those I need for occasional purchases throughout the month, yes, it is not even enough for that.

Here, among the officers there are some who engage in the opportunistic business of sending flour. They send out flour to merchants for private people and they charge 15-25kr for each kg of flour. In this manner, you can earn thousands. I have never considered such action, except to help out family members. I have too many scruples for that and I think it unworthy of an officer. Yes, even of any decent human being. When I think about the sad money worries in our family, I often vacillate if I should not make this sacrifice to my self-respect. It would be a small matter to earn a few thousand kronen. The conditions: some capital of about 800-2000 kr, some connections, and some skill. Would I have those? The biggest risk would not be the possible loss of a number of boxes, but that the situation here is not stable enough, and I might suddenly have to leave, etc.

For now, it is not possible for me to think about such things. We just have to make do without it. If you spend money carefully and if you use my flour in the right way.

In your next letter (which by the way you have to respond to my worries from my last letter), please give me information about the officers association. (Br. Kohlen Bgb Ges)

Do not give up in the midst of all these difficulties; always there is a solution to every problem. Everything or much depends now on your courage and willpower.

I have already welcomed your decision to look for a position, even when you first mentioned it. I would be very pleased. I advise you urgently to look for a position in Vienna (through Helene) with her help.

As long as I’m here in Romania and as long as I can send things home, you shall not be lacking bread, peas, beans – I can supply you with these things. Also, I can supply you with cigarettes, but in moderation because of your health.

Now regarding your enrollment, this is my advice: As long as you have not completely abandoned your law studies, you should definitely enroll, even if you are deployed, and also at home study hard. If you go to Prague after the beginning of the semester, or if you go just before they start, you can with skillful motivation if there’s extreme need, telling the truth you can try to enroll with Rektor Magnificus and you can try personally to enroll. Possibly you can get an attestation by the doctor that you have returned belatedly from your summer break due to health reasons.

By the way, I estimate the costs even for a round trip are not so very high. If under the condition that Aunt Luisa will put you up for a few days.* I will repay the favor with flour. If it is really necessary in the worst case, I will contribute up to 100kr, maybe even more. But I want to make a condition that you will limit yourself to whatever is necessary when you spend money and stay there. On the other hand, for now you have to borrow the money, just as I would have to ask my comrades right now because at the moment, I have nothing liquid.

This is my advice. The decision is not mine to make.

Also, the thought of giving up the household and the apartment – if our situation is really that bad, I can only say that it would be right. Even though my heart is heavy thinking we will lose our home – on this issue, Papa has the last word.

What will happen with Grandmother, you have to ask Helena and Uncle Max. Should it be necessary to do this, then it would be best if Papa tries to get some leave for family reasons. If necessary, me too.

What do you hear from Papa? Again, he has not written to me in the last 10 days. How is his hand?

Please also write to Erich, always telling him my greetings and whatever is worth knowing.

I thank you for my birthday wishes, also dear Grandmother and Käthl and I will write to them separately.

I also thank Grandmother for the letter dated the 20th which arrived only today. I have sent out two unnumbered boxes, one with bread flour and one with corn flour. I already wrote about this to you in a card. Also, the first box has arrived with the bags, nails, and Papa’s bathing suit. Many thanks. Do not send any more of these kinds of boxes. They are not sturdy enough. Better to send mine back empty.

Please send me my winter clothing, but only: sweater **, snow hood, mittens (2 pairs), and especially, socks (can be summer socks, mine are totally torn up) in the manner which I have last described to you, possibly with iron around the box.

Greetings and kisses,
Your Paul

*In 2-3 days you should be able to get all the signatures you need to verify course completion
**the green one


We learn a tremendous amount in this letter – that Robert is doubting his law studies, that money is so tight that the family will likely lose their home and another family member will need to take in their grandmother, that flour is an invaluable resource to pay for favors from others when money is unavailable. Paul has just turned 23 years old and feels the weight of responsibility for his entire family while their father too is a soldier and unable to help. Paul is the wise elder to his 19-year old brother, who after recovering from an illness (perhaps influenza?) is deciding between going back to school in Prague; finding a job, perhaps in Vienna; while at home in Brüx he is trying to keep the impoverished household afloat as they figure out where they might live, what food they can find, and what will happen to their grandmother. Huge decisions and responsibilities for such young men. In the midst of this, Paul realizes that winter is coming and that he is ill-prepared.

September 29

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we see the second part of the letter we saw on September 16 from soldier Paul Zerzawy to his family. As with so many things on my journey, mysteries and missing links have a way of being solved. Pretty amazing after over 100 years.

Upon transcribing the translation for a letter we will see in October, I discovered that it solved the puzzle of the earlier letter. That letter is dated October 3, 1918 and is written to his brother Robert, but included part of a different letter to his family – the missing pages of the September 16 letter!

Since the letters were written in old German script, it was impossible for my archivist and me to determine the order and content of letters. Our only clues were dates and signatures. Letters were organized in a way that would have made sense to their reader, but not to those of us unused to writing letters or worrying about saving on postage. Letters often were written on rectangular paper (7”x10” or so) that had been folded in half. When unfolded, a four-page letter would have the first page on the right side of the front and the last page on the left side of the front, and pages 2 and 3 on the other side. It seems that the writer started a letter with the intent of it being a single page and if they discovered that they wanted to say more, they’d start a new page with the same order. However, they rarely numbered the pages. It was only after finding one long letter where Paul had numbered the pages that we got the hang of it. Today’s letter was doubly confusing, because the last two pages were written on a the same size paper but in the way we would normally write a letter!

The first part of this letter began with a check in about himself and family members, followed by detailed information about the boxes of flour that would be coming their way. It continues here:

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…On top of this, there is postage for which 1 kg is about 3kr. On the black market, it probably costs 8-10 times as much. Do you have the opportunity to get the wheat ground or to exchange it for something else? Please write to me about this right away (see my last letter from September 5).

Please write me everything concerning the beginnings of your university studies. -- What is the situation with my war bond insurance? – Has my good shirt already sent out to be turned inside out and when? – I ask Robert to take charge of the work for Couleur news as soon as possible.

Lido writes to me that he probably will go off on his leave in the middle of the month, so you can get advice and help from him.

I do not know if I have already written about it, that here there are 2 color brothers [Farben Brüder] with whom I am in regular contact. They are A.H. Pfiff (medical officer, 62nd Feldpost) and Griff (c/o medical lieutenant Julius Gutfreund, Feldpost 645).

Please send them your questionnaire immediately.

Finally, dear Robert, I still have to write to the following soldiers who are on leave in Brüx; please greet them for me. Please give me the following addresses:  [list of names]

Metzel’s address: Oscar Metzel Feldpost 405
Pepp’s Address: Chief doctor Dr Josef Weiss, FP 638, Field hospital 303
I will send other addresses for CB.

When you reply, please answer the questions so that I do not have to ask everything twice. Especially since the exchange of news by Feldpost is already slow enough.

Kisses to all of you,
Your Paul


We learn about another money-saving measure – rather than buying a new shirt, he asks whether his good shirt has been sent out to be altered, presumably to be refashioned/recycled by turning it inside out to hide any stains or blemishes to the material. Like food, I would imagine new clothes were difficult to come by, so even if he had plenty of money, he might not have been able to purchase anything.

It appears that Paul refers to his college fraternity brothers and the clothes they wore: per Wikipedia, “Visually, the most discerning characteristic of many Studentenverbindungen is the so-called Couleur, which can consist of anything from a small part of ribbon worn over the belt, to elaborate uniforms with riding boots, sabers, and colorful cavalry jackets, depending on circumstances and tradition.”  

In the letter, he asks for information about and provides addresses for a number of his friends. Paul’s photo album included many photos of groups of men in various uniforms. Paul had numbered the people in some photos which led me to the realization that he had written something on the back of many pictures. This led me to the discovery of the card we saw in yesterday’s post.

I assume that the photo below from April 8, 1915 is of his fraternity brothers. I don’t think he was in the army yet, so the uniforms they are wearing are consistent with the Wikipedia description above. On the back of the photo, Paul lists the names with at least two of the people mentioned in this letter: Griff and Pepp. In his absence, Paul relies on his friends to help his family and give his younger brother advice.

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September 23

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Today we have a letter from soldier Paul Zerzawy addressed to his brother Robert Zerzawy in Brüx, Bohemia. Paul continues to send a few boxes of flour at a time to his family as described in the posts on September 3, 14, and 16.

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23.9.1918

My dear ones!

Thank you for Grandmother’s letter. I am not just a little bit surprised and frightened by Papa’s illness. I knew nothing from him. A letter came saying nothing – what is he writing to you?

Yesterday I sent the boxes numbered 16 and 17 in Robert’s name and #18 and 19 in Grandmother’s name. 8 kilos flour, just as I sent you previously. If you want to have really fine flour, you only need to use a sieve one more time. As for getting cooking fat, it is very difficult. I will see. Write soon.

Your,
Paul


In the address line, Paul uses the abbreviation “jur” in front of his brother’s name. Robert had graduated from high school and was trying to follow in his brother’s footsteps by studying law. In those days, legal study was seen as a more universal educational foundation than it is today – the idea was that knowledge of and training in the law and legal thinking would be useful in any field.

Like Paul, their father Julius Zerzawy was serving in the military. Although we have seen that letters and packages went back and forth often, it was still difficult to know how loved ones really were doing. Particularly since family members didn’t want to worry each other. So they wrote of “nothing” or like Helene in 1940, tried to make light of impossible circumstances.

September 16

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Today we have part of a letter from soldier Paul Zerzawy to his family in Brüx, Bohemia. The letter appeared to be complete and several pages long, including a signature on the last page. Only upon getting it translated did I realize that the pages were from two completely different letters!

In addition to hearing about the family, Paul provides more details about the flour that he wrote about in the letters we saw on September 3 and 14.

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16. September 1918

My dear ones!

I am writing to all of you together again because I figured out from Grandmother’s last letter, or rather, from the letter enclosed by Robert, that he and Käthl will be back home by the time this letter reaches you.

I hope that both of them had a good summer vacation which will have a lasting effect on their health. From your letters, it seems like only good news, except for the flu, which hopefully Robert has recovered from by now without any bad consequences.

I was less happy to hear that dear Grandmother is not eating well, or that this had been the case. Why is there no evening meal in the mess? And what are these problems which Robert mentions in his letter to Grandmother with the “fine gentlemen”? Who are they and why do you not write to me about these things?

I haven’t heard anything from Papa in a long time. Are you still hearing from Erich? If you are, please write to him what might be of interest about me and write to him that I cannot write him directly. My cards came back with the annotation “invalid.”

I am in very good shape. My illness was not the flu, but it originated in stomach and intestines, due to the effect of the heat on certain foods. This illness is very common here and usually affects people who come here from a different climate. Particularly vacationers, etc. By the way, the heat is now diminishing and the nights are becoming cool. For this reason, please prepare my winter things and 4-6 pairs of socks. Then when I write to ask for it, everything will be ready to send. Please also put in the box a few nails to make boxes so that you can hear the nails when I shake the box and write on the box: “Contents: nails for boxes, etc.” Because “laundry” would probably get lost.

Keep sending boxes with little bags and nails in them so that I can send home flour as long as I have the opportunity to do so. At this time there are all kinds of changes in the division of troops. At any moment, I may end up in less favorable circumstances or I will be sent to the new regiment being formed in Italy. As I already wrote to you the day before yesterday, I have about 130kg of flour here which will be sent little by little. Please be very careful and use dry storage with no smell, possibly in very well-closed boxes (because of the mice). But please air it out more often. Especially the wheat! Please do not talk about this and do not give anything to acquaintances for the time being. If I should have the opportunity to give you enough for the whole year, and if on top of that I can accumulate an extra supply, then I will think about sending some to our good friends. Only if you think that you owe somebody a favor or you want their gratitude, please write to me and I will send a few kg from here to those specific people. Helena, Aunt Marie and Luise already are receiving something from me. Above all, save as much as possible. Also, try to build up a supply. If you end up not needing the extra, it will be very good to trade for cooking fat since I can hardly send any fat to you.

Tomorrow two boxes, number 11 and 12, will be sent to Robert’s address. In addition, the following have gone to Grandmother:

(without number)        15 August       approx 7kg      Bread flour
“                                  23 August        6-7kg              Corn flour
No. 5                           3 September     approx 8kg     wheat flour
No. 6                           6 September    approx 8kg      wheat flour
No. 7                          10 September   approx 8kg      wheat flour

Tomorrow I will send Robert:

No 11                         17 September   approx 8kg      pure flour
No 12                         17 September   approx 8kg      pure flour

Please write to me with number, date, and contents — always which boxes have arrived and in what condition. I will talk about the money with Papa. The cost for me for 1kg of flour with packaging, tips, etc amounts to about 2.80kr. On top of this, there is postage which you pay…


Paul continues to urge the family to be cautious, not to draw any attention to the valuable supplies that are arriving. He also asks them to make packages they send to him look like they contain hardware rather than clothing, because the latter tended to go missing while the former would be unattractive to those who handled the mail.

Paul has concerns about how things are at home, but cannot assist them from so far away. We learn that Robert had the flu, but unlike millions of people, he recovered. In later letters, it sounded like he didn’t have a very strong constitution – perhaps like those who recovered from the 1889 flu and perhaps “long COVID” today, survivors suffered ill effects for years to come. Although Paul mentions an illness, he assures everyone that it was not the flu, but probably food poisoning due to the heat.

Paul mentions that his letters to Erich have been returned as undeliverable. It wasn’t until after the war that he discovered that his brother had fled the prison camp (and presumably died) in July 1918 – see January 12 post.

September 14

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In the September 3 post, we learned of Paul Zerzawy’s efforts to send wheat to his family in 1918 to supplement the little rations available by the end of the war. Today is a follow up letter.

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14.9.1918

Dear Grandmother!

The contents of my last letter no longer applies with regards to grinding the flour, because I have been able to exchange all of the wheat, which is about 180 kg, for 130 kg of very beautiful, pure flour which, however, is not completely white. I will send some of it to Helene. Maybe, also to the Roubischeks. I will send most of it to you as soon as I have enough boxes.

I’m asking you again to deal with this flour very carefully. Mostly you will need it next spring and summer when bread rations will be limited again. It is very doubtful that I will have the opportunity to buy more flour in large quantities, especially since I do not know if I will remain here.

Please confirm every box, telling me the number of the box and the date.

Can you buy onions? In what kind of quantity?

Cooking fat as well as meat is very expensive here. But I cannot send it because it is perishable – unless perhaps one of the soldiers travels on leave to the Brüx area.  

Greetings and kisses,

Paul

I have nothing new. How about you?


Paul has been busy in the last week. He has managed to trade the unground wheat for almost 300 pounds of flour for his family. What a relief that must have been for his grandmother – one less thing to worry about as she took care of her grandchildren with no means of support that I know of. He made sure to send flour to his aunt Helene as well. I don’t know what her living situation was in Vienna, but I assume she was able to put the flour to good use.

A week or so ago, we received a package in the mail. We were expecting a few things, but the package was the wrong size, shape, and weight for any of them. It was like a big heavy lump. We opened it and found this:

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After reading the last post on Paul Z sending grain to his family, my cousin Tim (Harry’s son) was inspired to send this to me so I could live more than vicariously through the family letters. Fortunately, the package arrived as I was talking on the phone to Tim’s mother. When I told her the contents of the package – neither the book nor the comforter we had ordered – she was able to tell us where it had come from. As when I read many of the letters, I found myself amused and touched at the same time. Tim’s gift contained a sense of fun and whimsy as well as love of family. I can’t imagine a better present. Now I have to put our coffee grinder to work!  

September 9

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Today’s letter from Helene in Vienna and to her children in San Francisco follows the ones we saw on September 5 and 6.

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Clipper #50 (fifty)

Vienna, 9 September 1940

My dear Children!

I am acting as if I believe Papa when he says that your letters were among those that were seized in the Bermuda islands. He says this as if he is so sure of it that he would swear to it, but I am a doubting Thomasine.

The whole time the weather has been just as dark as my mood. The rooms have been as cold and unpleasant as it would normally be in November. I therefore took our winter clothing out of storage and when this happened, of course the sun peeked out as if gloating at me, to make fun of me in my annoyance. But as old as the sun is, she fooled me, but I just can’t let myself be bothered by something like that right now. The day we had yesterday was beautiful like in May. It was made for going outside in the fresh air and filling up your lungs with oxygen. Despite that, we decided to stay home. The green blanket played the role of the meadow and no government official and no hall supervisor could get me away from here. I lay still, but instead of dozing off like you tend to do, practically a requirement when you’re out there laying on the meadow, in my head, thoughts of you marched around. I am sure the next letter will get me a few lines from Harry.

I am looking at Everl’s last letter and I am still just amazed by the metamorphosis in her handwriting. Is this something she did on purpose or did this just happen? However that may be, it’s really wonderful and I’m really happy about it. I did work as a typographer and I am used to trying to figure out illegible handwriting, but Everl’s scribble was the hardest thing I ever had to deal with. It really tortured me, and not just me. The most unclear manuscript I ever dealt with at work was the weekly repertoire of the Teplitz City Theater and so I asked our Father to typeset that for me. That was the first thing I ever had to do with the theater; the ones that came to Bilin on occasion didn’t count. “On Sunday, whatever the date was, with a special higher priced Lohengrin in the title role Mr. Erik Schmedes as a guest performer” - that I could figure out only with great difficulty. I begged Father to get tickets for us early enough which he was glad to do, so from Thursday to Sunday I could hardly sleep in joyous anticipation. The production started two hours earlier than they usually did and the train would only be getting there shortly before. We didn’t really look at the theater handbills very carefully, otherwise we would have noticed that they had changed the program. If Mr. Schmedes or perhaps the swan had a sore throat, or whether the performance had to be postponed to the following Sunday, because they didn’t have a dove falling from the heavens, I can’t remember anymore. I just remember that my sister Mattl got upset because she found that instead of the overture from Lohengrin, she heard the music from “The Sweet Girl.” [Das süsse Mädel] Mattl became pale and paler, pale and paler. What are the Bilin people going to say when they see such a rude and vulgar play with such a young girl in attendance? When I looked at her, she seemed to be fighting with the idea - should she and I leave before this shocking operetta even started? Or should we say, well, that’s fate? On the train we agreed we didn’t want to call attention to ourselves by leaving the theater early. This excuse applied not just to the parents and to the others in Bilin who sat in the next train compartment and were passing judgment on us. Apparently, those were rather progressive people, because Mattl’s reputation did not suffer. It’s funny that I think of this right now, but thought associations are easy to explain because the same impatience and the same pounding heart which I experienced on that theater Sunday back then, that’s how I fell today when I wait for your letters. I hope the Bermuda intermezzo doesn’t cause them to change the program.

Our housemates are very pleasant people. Yesterday and today, it’s been quite lively around here. The chimney sweep came and did his best to cover my recently washed kitchen with a black patina which he did even better at in the bathroom and the entrance hall. The workers above our balcony sounded like they were trying to escape or something. They were cutting things down and with quite a bit of rumbling and a whole lot of dirt, they managed to get it into our room. But that’s not enough. The floor, which always did have the tendency to move down to the floor below, started to sink so much that I decided I should put up a sign saying: “watch the step.” There were carpenters and supervisors here today and they will fix that part of the floor in a few days. I’m looking forward to that. I think our back-to-nature idyll is over since the scaffolding has been removed from the inner courtyard side of the building. But then I thought about it, they’re probably going to put it up on the facade. So now you see what your old former house looks like.

Have you gotten used to your school environment? How was your vacation? All of these things are very, very interesting to me and I hope that you will tell me all about it in detail.

Well, I’m going to close for today with well-directed kisses and please tell everyone hello.

I wish you all the best and all that is good and beautiful,

I remain your
Helene


As Helene continues to wait for mail from her children, her mind wanders to an early memory of her childhood in Bilin, Bohemia. She did typesetting for her father’s newspaper. Her love of music was already great and she begged her father to get tickets for a production of Wagner’s Lohengrin in the largest nearby town, Teplitz.  

She was looking forward to hearing a famous tenor of the day in the starring role, but unfortunately there was a change in schedule and instead, the theater was putting on an operetta by Heinrich Reinhardt.  

The operetta was first performed in 1901, so the event Helene describes would have taken place in 1901 or 1902 when she was 15 and her sister Mattl was 23. I hope one day to be able to see issues of the Biela-Zeitung from that time and perhaps see the advertisement she describes.

Helene’s sister’s reaction was “What will people think?” As one of the few Jewish families in an antisemitic town and with a father who did not always make himself popular with those in charge, it’s not surprising that Mattl didn’t want to call attention to themselves.

It’s nice to learn that Helene’s dread of a few days earlier about the new tenants has not turn out to be true.

September 3

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

After my friend Roslyn finished translating all the letters and documents I had in German, I was left with a handful of letters in Sütterlin, the old form of German handwriting. I had a number of letters written from Paul Zerzawy to his family in Brüx, Bohemia during World War I. Today’s letter was the first of these that Amei Papitto translated for me in December 2020.

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Păltiniș?, 5 September 1918  

Dear Grandmother!

As you know from my letters, I’m fine. My life flows its course, so I don’t know what to tell of it.

But one thing I can tell you about: the shipment of grocery items I am sending you.

Some time ago I bought 200 kg of wheat. The price was to be 90 pf/kilo. When it arrived, it actually cost considerably more, around 1.50 pf/kilo – still an acceptable price. I will send most of the 200kg to Brüx in individual mailings of small boxes. I hope at least that our household will get rid of its worries.

It would be best if I had been able to grind the wheat here, but unfortunately it is very difficult to do, and therefore the wheat contains some imperfections and impurities - corn kernels, straw, and so on. Because the mills here do not have any sorting machines, the wheat flour would go bad like the dark flour in one of the first boxes I sent. I know that grinding the flour at home isn’t easy either.

Above all, it has to be done secretly and I urgently recommend that you not tell anyone of the parcels I am sending. If the authorities learn that we have stocks of flour – or grain - they will either require that you turn it over or our bread rations will be limited. If there is a report and a reason to search our home, please tell them the truth that these supplies come not from the black market but from the Romanian military, which is allowed.

I will try to have at least part of the wheat ground here, but I am not certain it will be possible. Therefore, I would appreciate it if you can write to me at once if you can find a way without attracting attention and without being swindled if you can grind the flour in Brüx. (I am thinking of Syitz or Münk). You should end up with about 60% good flour.

I cannot really determine this from here where I am. Maybe Herr Hauptmann can give you some advice.  Of course, I would pay him for his help. If not, I would have to wait until Robert is back in Brüx. In any case, I am asking for an immediate answer.

This thing is certainly important enough for you and I am not likely to have such an opportunity again anytime soon. Wholesale shopping in Romania is becoming more and more difficult and expensive by the day. We ourselves are living well, but can give only a little of our abundance back to the home country, as much as we would like to do so.

Meanwhile, while waiting for your answer, I will slowly send some of the wheat to you in boxes. The day before yesterday, one box was sent (marked with the number 5), as I already told you in my postcard. Tomorrow another box will be sent with about 8 kg and I will mark it as #6.

As long as there is no urgent need, you do not have to hurry to grind the wheat. Time will tell. Maybe it can be better done in installments.

When you store the wheat, you must observe some precautions. First of all: mouse proof. To do this, it would be best to store the wheat in the strong boxes in which I sent it to you. Store it there, tightly closed. As I wrote to you already, I urgently need boxes. You should send me other boxes as well as small bags and especially nails, since they are used to make boxes. That shouldn’t be overly expensive.

Secondly, store in odorless, dry rooms, not in the cellar. Otherwise, the wheat will go bad. Thirdly: from time to time (possibly every 10-14 days), spread out the wheat and let it dry. I do this in the following manner: I number the boxes and every day I take a different box and put it out in the sun, one after another.  Wherever I will be able to get boxes for all this wheat is a mystery to me. Hopefully the boxes you and Helene have promised will be returned soon.

Finally, I ask you to keep this letter in a safe place, to hand it over to Robert when he arrives, and to follow my instructions precisely. Until the shipments arrive, please give exact instructions to Anna concerning drying, etc., and supervise these instructions personally.

I am relying on you to do this. If anything is not clear or is not possible for you, just wait until Robert comes.

Awaiting a quick reply. Your loving grandchild,

Paul

Please do not make any other decisions or directives. Above all, do not make any promises to anybody without my knowledge.


This letter from soldier Paul Zerzawy gives us a window into how difficult civilian life was during the first world war. Helene’s mother Rosa Löwy was caring for her youngest grandchildren, because no other adults were available: her son-in-law and oldest grandsons had been drafted, and their mother and step-mother (Rosa’s daughters) had died long before the war. Despite the distance between Bohemia and Vienna, Paul and the family remained close to his aunt Helene.

As in his letters written twenty years later, Paul is all business.  His role in the family during both wars was to provide advice and assistance, often from afar. What a burden it must have been, particularly in 1918 when he was not even 22 years old. He felt a huge sense of responsibility. Here, he tells his grandmother how to take care of the household and is worried that she might not be up to it. Paul took on this burden again in the late 1930s and 1940s when trying to help his Helene, Vitali and his young cousins leave Vienna to come to America.

He is doing everything he can to keep his family fed and to make their lives as comfortable as possible. He is meticulous in explaining what needs to be done. Essentials like wheat were hard to come by for civilians, so Paul amassed as much as he could to send to his loved ones. This letter reminds me how easy life is for us today — I wouldn’t have the faintest idea what to do with boxes of unground wheat! 

Although what Paul was doing was apparently legal, he is concerned that others might find out and turn the family in for buying goods on the black market. I imagine there would have been jealousy and ill will if it were known that they had such valuable stores while their neighbors were going hungry.

(We saw Aunt Anna mentioned in Erich’s letter posted on April 29, but I do not know who she was since the name does not appear on either the Löwy or Zerzawy family tree – perhaps she was an aunt in name only?)

September 1

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

See May 13 post for Zerzawy sibling family tree.

Today we have two World War I postcards from Helene’s nephews - brothers Erich and Paul Zerzawy - both written on September 2, 1917.

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Beresowka 2/IX.1917

My dear ones!

I was so happy the mail had been working out well, at least halfway for the last few months, but now I’m not getting anything anymore. I have a strange sort of bad luck. Comrades get everything regularly, such as money, packages, etc. It’s only me who hasn’t gotten anything except for money just one time. I don’t want to say it got lost — it probably is just delayed. How did Robert do on his high school exam? And what does my Katerina look like? Send photos of yourselves as simple postcards so that your Erich has something of you.


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Hermannstadt, 2.IX.1917

My dear ones!

After another 2 days of travel coming from Arad, we have arrived here. From here we will continue to ? city, which I mentioned in my card from Arad. I am doing very well in everything and I hope to hear the same from you when you are able to write to me.

With most heartfelt greetings and kisses,
Your Paul


At this time, Erich was a POW in Beresowka in Eastern Siberia, while Paul was a soldier, just arriving at Hermannstadt (now Sibiu). Erich writes to his family in Brüx, Bohemia. Paul addresses his letter to their father Julius at the same address. Julius was also a soldier in the war -- perhaps he was home on leave at this time. From other letters we’ve seen this year, sending mail between soldiers or soldiers and POWs was often not possible.

Erich asks for photos of his siblings. His sister Käthe/Käthl/Katerina was born in 1904, so she would have changed a lot over the previous few years.

Paul’s unit is on the move: Arad was more than 150 miles from Hermannstadt. Letters he wrote from 1916 were sent from Belgrad,

Home must have felt a lifetime away for both Paul and Erich, both due to their experiences in the war and to the actual distance. Brüx (now Most) was 545 miles from Arad, 730 miles from Hermannstadt. Beresowka was almost 5000 miles from Brüx.

August 29

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Earlier this year, I posted excerpts from a few stories and reminiscences that Helene wrote in the 1950s while living in San Francisco. The post today contains excerpts of a (slightly edited) story she wrote about the events of a sweltering August afternoon in Bilin, Bohemia. We get a sense of young Helene’s family life and her siblings’ personalities.

Helene was the youngest of seven children who survived infancy. Based on context, I would guess that this story takes place around 1891 or 1892.

The siblings:

Ida – born in 1869, married in 1894
Max – born in 1874 (see photo below)
Flora/Florly – born in 1876?, died in 1898
Mathilde/Mattl – born in 1878
Clara – born in? died in 1894
Irma/Hummel – born in 1883? died in 1904?
Helene/Enene – born in 1886


Young Max Löwy, date unknown

Young Max Löwy, date unknown

Uproar on a sultry Summer afternoon (aka Palace Revolution)

Ida, the oldest of us, came from the veranda next to the kitchen to escape for a while the merciless heat of the sultry August afternoon which was made hotter by her occupation. In general, that sun porch was one of the airiest places in the house and was the most useful space on the floor, serving as storage, sewing and ironing room, as well as the place for reading and writing in daytime. At night it was the our housemaid’s bedroom.

Tired from ironing stiff men’s shirts, collars and cuffs, she entered the drawing-room, seated herself on an easy chair for a half an hour’s rest, and used a handkerchief alternately to wipe or fan her face.

Brother Max and his sisters spent the hot August day each in their own fashion. Max, hidden and smoking behind a host of newspapers, watched Mattl’s strange behavior, sitting with a book in her lap, hands clasped over it, staring vacantly into space. It was not her custom – she normally busied herself with drawing, mending socks or the like, with good humor and humming a melody Ida or he had recently played.

Florly’s sat in her usual seat next to the sewing table before the center-window, watching what was not going on in that deserted main square. She would normally be reading a novel, but that day the unusual sultriness made her drowsy.

Clara sat with Irma and me on the floor, making new dresses for our dolls from her own designs.

A surprising silence prevailed.

Max, still studying his favorite sister’s queer mood, glancing over his paper, diagnosed: Weltschmerz. [world weariness]

“How about a little stroll, Mattl? It is cooler outside.”

“No, I can’t stand the heat either inside or outside.”

“A game of chess?”

“No, thank you.”

To cheer her up, he took his guitar from the wall next to the piano, threw himself into the easy chair again and sang in his agreeable voice:

From paradise I will tell you a new fairy tale
Of an ancient people, but my story is not stale,
Rudiral lalala, rudiral lalala, my story isn’t stale.

The Lord said “hi” to Adam, taking from him
A rib to make yards of Eva, just for his whim.
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, yards of Eva, for whim.

To Adam he said: “Feel at home, I only beg thee,
Don’t ever take an apple from that tree.
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, take never an apple from that tree.”

While the Lord with Adam had that conversation,
Eva got acquainted with a snake. What a sensation!
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, Eva got a sensation.

Pretending to know nothing about,
Took an apple and put it in her Adam’s mouth,
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, put an apple in her Adam’s mouth. ….

The Lord watching with pleasure his creation’s crown,
Witnessed with fury wicked Adam’s fall down.
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, witnessed wicked Adam’s fall down.

With rage he called: “Archangel Michael come out.
Expel from paradise Eva and her lout.”
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, from paradise expel Eva and her lout.

Crestfallen, Adam said, “Eva, that is the end,
I have to go to Halle [not hell: a university-town in Saxonia near the Bohemian border] to become a student.
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, go to Halle and become a student.”….

“Max, I think you had better not extend your academic liberty to our home. Or do you think it is a proper nursery-song for the kids?”

“Not a bad one at all and very funny, Ida. Besides Hummel is a school girl and Enene will pretty soon become one too and they have to know about religion. By the way, I really had not the intention to intrude in your domain — educational work I leave entirely to you. What I wanted was to chase away was Mattl’s mournful face.”

In order to show Ida that in his opinion the topic was exhausted, he sang another ribald student-song.

“I think,” said Mattl in a better mood, “that second song of Max’s would be a great success for gallivanting Eva.”

Now Ida was really angry. “I think that’s enough, Max: I only hope that one day you will become as outstanding a doctor as you are an unexcelled mountebank.”

Her brother ignored that remark entirely and continued his guitar concert, choosing more vulgar songs.

Florly, who until now had taken no part in that duel of words, dropped her less amusing novel and we children pricked up our ears. Max enjoyed such an appreciative audience and continued with his inexhaustible repertoire.

Ida, who had unsuccessfully tried to calm herself, said: “It is not only the words, Max, but that you corrupt their taste for good music.”

“Don’t be silly. Do you want me to entertain them with Beethoven’s “Lieder an eine ferne Geliebte” [To the Distant Beloved] or Mendelssohn’s “Auf Flügeln des Gesanges” [On the Wings of Song]? Can you not become less moralistic?”

“You can call it moralistic, prudish or spinsterish, I don’t care. It seems to me that you spend more time in the Kneipe (reserved rooms in inns where student associations spent their night singing, drinking, sometimes to the point of rioting) than at the university. I know that your grades couldn’t be better, but your behavior could be. No wonder you fight one duel after another, not considering how upset Mother always is, if by chance she hears about your rowdy exercises from some of your fellow-students who, of course didn’t know that she had no idea of her son’s ‘heroic deeds.’ Your monthly check from Uncle Jack in San Francisco liberally covers your tuition and reasonable expenses. You shouldn’t accept the money Mother gives you, worrying that you do not have enough food to eat. Instead her contributions permit you to live beyond our means. Being the only son doesn’t require you to be a first-rate playboy.” 

Money affairs were never discussed in our private rooms. Ida, who assisted Father, was up-to-date with the family’s financial situation and mother knew only too well how matters stood, but all the others, including Max, were not interested in Father’s business and were perfectly ignorant about money. We didn’t think money grew on trees, but knew that our parents had a printing and stationery store, that father published a weekly newspaper and sometimes printed some short-lived periodicals. But other than Mother and Ida, we had no idea how much work, trouble, and sometimes losses were involved in Father’s enterprises. Our allowances were given according to our ages and were by no means extravagant. Ida admired Mother’s business routine in the same way she admired her gift for running our household with very limited resources.

Because Ida knew how indifferent we all were to business matters and thinking that we all were engrossed in our activities, for once she forgot her usual circumspection.

Flora dropped her book again and became meditative. Mattl had forgotten her Weltschmerz and listened attentively to Ida’s and Max’s arguments. Clara and Irma didn’t pay any attention, but I cocked my ears. Not that I was interested in their controversy – it was pure satisfaction to me that Ida found fault with my big brother too, unlike Mother and my other sisters who thought him a fearless knight and beyond reproach.

Max felt uncomfortable and wanted to change the subject: “Let us play a sonata.”

“Not now. The air is still contaminated by your Gassenhauers (vulgar songs).”

Flora, Mattl and Clara – who hadn’t taken any part in the battle – interfered now. On that hot afternoon, they enjoyed their brother’s vaudeville humor better than Ida’s austerity.

“Ida,” Florly cut in, “it is ridiculous to make such an issue of a harmless hilarity. I imagine that Halle must be a very pleasant and fascinating place. I have the desire to become a modern Golias too.”

“Goliath, I reckon you mean,” interrupted Clara, “but I can’t guess what that giant had to do with the small university city across the border.”

“When I said Golias, I meant Golias, which is the name for medieval strolling students, Miss Smarty. Some more reading would do your beauty no harm. Maybe Max will agree with me, it is a wonderful remedy for Weltschmerz.” 

“Don’t forget to buy a harp, Florly, since your penchant for show practicing “Easter Bells” on the piano, would not sound so bad on that biblical instrument.” (That was the title of a horrible piece of music, the only one that Florly played by heart.) “But first you have to finish high school.”

Ida gave Clara an intimidating glance and got up. At the door she called, “Clara, come here for a moment, please.” Clara followed her out of the room.

“How could you say such a nasty thing to our sister? She so seldom takes part in such merriment. She caught Max’s frolicsomeness. Flora, in her gentle way, pretended not to have heard your intended-to-be-witty remark, which was not witty at all, but tactless. Don’t you know that Flora, the sweetest of our sisters, has not yet recovered from the influenza, maybe never will, and that she is too weak and sick to attend school? Father hires a private tutor whenever she feels well enough and wants to catch up on her studies. Nobody will care if she finishes high school, all that counts is that she regain her strength. Our parents do what she wants and she wants so little. I had never expected that you could be so rude, you who are always so good-natured.”

Clara, really downcast, answered: “Upon my word, Ida, I didn’t mean to be rude or to hurt her. It was just thoughtlessness. My sense of humor is not as sparkling as Father’s or Max’s. It’s just that we are all in such a strange mood. I think it’s the unbearable heat.”

“I am glad you realize that and don’t think, à la Max, that I am moralistic. I feel guilty too and was perhaps more aggressive than I intended. Please accept my apology and now go in and don’t mention anything, forget about it, and just be yourself – good, so awfully good.”

She kissed Clara who responded with a big hug and both reentered the room.

“Ida, have you changed your mind about playing a sonata with four hands or with me accompanying you on violin or cello?”

“I am not really in the mood.”

“High time to get married. You are becoming old-fashioned, spinsterish and prudish.”

Mother, who entered noiselessly in her soft slippers, said: “Ida is neither old-fashioned nor prudish. She just has better taste in music than you despite your fine technique. I don’t enjoy your vulgar songs. There are so many lovely student songs – both in tune and words. Why don’t you sing some of them for a change if Ida is not in the mood for classics?”

“They are too sentimental and your daughter Mattl needed to be cheered up. I tried to cure her very serious fit of mental sickness. But you, Mummy Rosa, disappoint me by being so touchy. You are a very bad example for Ida.”

Mother left the room as silently as she had entered it, but in a very low voice she said: “Sometimes your insolence knows no limits.”

Ida, in general so composed, lost her temper a second time that day. “Your cynicism is without equal, you brilliant, good-looking good-for-nothing. How dare you talk to our mother like that, and what is worse, in the presence of the children?”

The Flora-Mattl-Clara trio, who earlier showed that they enjoyed their brother’s monkey business better than Ida’s moral philosophy, now sided with oldest sister.

Max felt uneasy, defeated, and with regard to his mother, guilty. He left the room. Ida mastered her feelings again and even produced a faint smile. She knew that Max was looking for Mother to apologize. To find her was not so simple, since she was omnipresent: seemingly simultaneously in the kitchen, cellar, store, and print rooms. To reconcile with her was not difficult – she always made it easy for everybody.

After dinner, Mother put a great platter of apples on the table, which Father had brought from the country. Simultaneously Irma and I started: “Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, never take an apple from that tree.” 

Father smiled knowingly and Mother said seriously: “Because you children are being so sassy, you will have no apples.” The Florly-Mattl-Clara trio suppressed their giggling with great effort.  

Ida, as usual, saved the situation:

“How about the Kreutzer sonata we rehearsed yesterday, Max? Father would enjoy it and he hasn’t heard us playing together in a long time.”  

“Is the air not too polluted?”

“Not anymore,” answered Ida, smiling. “The room has been thoroughly aired out while we were having dinner.”

Arm in arm, they left for the living room. After their performance, Ida said: “Nobody can help but be infatuated with you. You are just irresistible while playing music.”

“I think, if you get married, I will lose the most ideal accompanist – every virtuoso would envy me. I will have to abandon chamber music. You are so sensitive, intelligent, and so unfathomable.”


One theme that recurs in my family from one generation to another is the patriarch’s intelligence, charm, wide-ranging curiosity, and absolute disregard for practical things like money and providing for a family. (See February 16 and May 9 posts.) It was left to the matriarchs to tend to the mundane details of survival. This is not unlike ultra-orthodox Jews, where the men spend their lives in Torah study, while the women manage the household. Rather than Torah, my great-grandfather’s and grandfather’s studies focused on current affairs and metaphysics. We learn that their Uncle Jack (presumably their father’s brother Jacob – Tillie Zentner’s father and Hilda Firestone’s grandfather) in San Francisco supplemented their meager earnings to enable Max to go to medical school.

Ida always comes off in Helene’s stories as caring, but stern and strict, with no sense of humor. She and her mother were both very involved with helping her father’s business thrive and with the care of her younger siblings. Given their 16-year age difference, Ida was more of a parental figure than a sibling. Their brother Max was far more carefree and mischievous than his sister and he delighted in teasing her.

I had no luck finding the song that my grandmother quoted. I assume she heard it originally in German, but the translation is awfully good. I found a book of 16th-19th century German songs — presumably some of Max’s repertoire came from these.

In this story, Helene mentions that Flora was not healthy, still suffering the aftereffects of the 1889 influenza epidemic (see January 16 and January 17 posts). As we live through our second year of Covid-19, I wonder how many of our lives will be altered forever, as were the lives of so many who were fortunate enough to survive the 1889 epidemic.

August 26

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have another red cross postcard from POW Erich Zerzawy in Eastern Siberia to his younger brother Robert Zerzawy in Brüx, Bohemia. Robert’s birthday was a month earlier, so I assume that is the birthday Erich refers to. Robert was now 18 and may be expecting to be drafted any day.

As always, receiving mail (or not) is the main topic. At this time, their grandmother Rosa (Helene’s mother) was taking care of the youngest Zerzawy children (Robert and Kättl) while their father and older brothers Paul and Erich were away at war. Another daughter, Klara, died in 1916.

If I’m reading the postmark correctly, this censored card did not arrive in Brüx until November. 

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26/VIII.17

My dear ones!

I especially want to thank dear Grandma for her card. If she knew how happy it made me, she would write more often. Otherwise I don’t get much mail. I haven’t heard from Papa in a long time. I hope your birthday wishes will come true soon. That would be the best thing we have found out in 3 years. With greetings and kisses from

Your
Erich

August 14

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today’s letter is from Helene to her nephew Paul Zerzawy in San Francisco.

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Vienna, 25 August 1940

Dear Paul! What situation are we living in to be able to expect a letter from you? Maybe you are reading more bitterness into this sentence than I had originally intended. Read it like “daddy buy me a pair of pants.” Maybe it’s a categorical imperative or maybe it’s a beseeching request. I leave it to you to figure out the tone of this music. You must know best what key you react to best and in which kind of emphasis I could hope to thank you for a letter. Although Eva really is good about writing, maybe there’s a lack of paper as I could see from the recent content of a past letter. And of course, the now so popular delay in delivery I see how a two week break in letters could happen. I am more than worried about the lack of letters from Harry and I really can’t explain the reason for this to myself. The facts don’t add up for me. Does he need something? If he needs something, of course he should just let us know. If he writes, his letters would have to get here even if they came late. If he perhaps only sent illustrated letters and drawings which I really can’t imagine, is that the explanation why we have not heard anything from my boy for 2 months? The last letter of Eva only had 7 censorship numbers, it used to be 2. Even if that’s the cause for the delay, there would have to be some mail when things are going right. I ask you therefore in all seriousness to reassure me and help me escape the hell of my thoughts. Also, I ask you to please let me know immediately what you hear from Robert. I already know that you have had an answer to your telegram. Nothing, Paul, nothing, can justify such a long period not writing, not even having to work 24 hours a day, which I imagine is not the norm. I also can’t imagine that you don’t have any money for stamps. You could however get together with Eva and write a letter as you did, sending it along with hers. For simplicity’s sake and to save money, I am writing the letter along with the children to Bertha’s address so excuse me. Nothing new is to be said about us. It wouldn’t matter anyway. Our health is in decent condition. If Tillie, Bertha and Hilda had any imagination of how I live, they would also write more. I am so thankful for all the dear and good things they do for you and the children, I ought to be satisfied with it since I would owe them even more thanks if they were to write to me. Everyone has his own thing to do and it is unreasonable to demand that you enter the psyche of another person. In my case it’s probably not even possible. There’s a line from one of your favorite songs, Feldeinsamkeit. This expresses how I feel - it is as if I had died a long time ago. A very strange combination of ideas. When I hear this song or think about it or even hum it, I think about the bouquet of Dürer and I think of a hands study which I once bought at the Dürerhaus. Both reproductions were taken away from me in Rosenheim (1918) since it was forbidden to take printed material over the border at that time. The silhouette of Salzburg that soon appeared helped me get over the loss; that is, for that moment I often thought that I might have been able to replace these items, especially that beautiful bony hand which reminded me so much of that of my father. And so I imagine the hand that used to rest over us and protect us.

I hope I have achieved with this letter that you will sit right down and write to me whatever there is to write. I am giving you the duty to extend my best greetings to Tillie and Julius, Bertha and George, Hilda and Nathan. Prove that you haven’t forgotten us and please reassure me. It’s really, really important. I really need it. With many greetings and kisses I remain

Helen

Paula says hi!


Even in her complaining about a lack of letters, Helene’s humor and love peek through. Hoping to inspire Paul to write at last when mere pleading hasn’t worked, she uses musical analogies to invoke their shared love of music and long-ago musical soirees.

Helene is especially worried about not having heard from her son. She mentions his illustrated letters – we saw the only surviving example in the June 6 post.

Helene refers to a song by Brahms which translates to “Alone in the Fields” — click on the link to read the lyrics.

This is one of Helene’s most bittersweet letters – identifying with the lyrics of a sad song, remembering her father’s/Paul’s grandfather’s hands protecting them decades earlier.

Paul is the only person in her life who would have memories of her father. His brother Robert was too young to remember much if anything. Interesting that her son Harry fashioned his own “newspapers” in his illustrated letters – perhaps inspired by his mother’s tales of growing up in her father’s print shop and newspaper press room.

There are many examples of prints of hands by Dürer. The most famous one appears to be Praying Hands  Perhaps that is the print that was taken away from her. This link takes you to several Dürer works featuring hands. The only bouquet that comes up in a search of Dürer’s complete works is one of violets.  

August 10

Today we have a postcard from soldier Paul Zerzawy working in the Statistical Bureau to the his family in Brüx, Bohemia.

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Belgrad 10 VIII 1916

I just received a postcard which I sent on the 27th to Erich, with the note “missing”. Please notify me immediately with any news, possibly by telegram. Please direct yourselves with a postcard to the information department of the Red Cross in Prague and Brünn, as well as to the Reserve Batallion L14. Evidence probably also Brünn. I will write as well.

Paul


We saw the only letter I have from Erich Zerzawy that was written while he was a soldier on active duty in the July 14 post – in that letter he mentioned that he was “in the presence of the enemy” and presumably he was captured soon thereafter. In today’s letter, Paul is anxious that his letter from late July was returned because Erich was “missing”.

The rest of Erich’s correspondence in my archive was sent from a POW camp in Eastern Siberia. We saw the first of those letters in the January 8 post.  I have 24 cards written in 1917 and two in 1918.

Paul tried to discover what had happened to his brother. In the January 12 post, we saw an International Red Cross information card from 1919 indicating that Erich escaped from the camp in July 1918. Like so many things in the archive, we see history repeating itself during and after the two wars, including searching for missing loved ones, longing for letters, economic hardship, and reflections on the life of a soldier.

August 6

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a Red Cross postcard from POW Erich Zerzawy addressed to the “Zerzawy Siblings” in Brüx, Bohemia (with no street address!).

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Beresowka 5/VIII.17

My dear ones!

Recently I received some cards from all of you. From Robert, Käthl, Paul and from Aunt Lene. The most recent are from May. I’d really like to write to Paul but it’s quicker to write to you and ask you to tell him about it, as usual. That you are all hoping for peace soon, I certainly believe — who isn’t? There are two groups here — consistent optimists and incorrigible pessimists. It’s not a surprise when you realize that these people have spent the last 3 years here in Beresowka. As far as I know now, the 50 rubles are certainly late in arriving. As far as the sending, Robert’s (#51205) is still in Petersburg. Kisses,

Erich


It appears that both POWs and soldiers relied on money and care packages from home. We saw in the August 4 post that in 1916, Erich’s brother Paul was asking for money from home to help support him. Although Erich was able to write to civilians, POWs were not able to write to people serving in the military.

We see again how central Helene is to the life of the Zerzawys - both nephews often talk about hearing from Helene (Aunt Lene).

August 5

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

A letter from Helene to her children, musing on events from long ago.

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 Vienna, 5 August 1941 

My dear children! Since I lack your letters, I am not sure if you have gotten all of ours, but I hope that even if you haven’t, you know something about the state of things. One of our acquaintances, hoping they wouldn’t worry about anything, wrote to his parents that everything will be taken care of in Washington. We shall see! [in Italian] The girls [in English] just called me. They have to move on the 11th of this month but they haven’t found another apartment (or rather, closet) yet. Olga wrote to her brother that she cannot send any more packages because she’s hurting for money too and is also not allowed to send things any longer.

We are doing pretty well, just that we really miss your letters. Yesterday we went for a walk to Krieau and from there we went to the Winterhafen [wharf] and then we went to Lusthaus [in Prater park]. I had some strange memories when we approached the Stadlau train station. It was 1914. Paul wrote to me back then that he would be there about 8 o’clock with his company, but he would not be allowed to leave the train station. I got the letter in the afternoon and I was of course there early. I waited a second hour and believed I would have to take my little bagged dinner back home with me when from a military train which had just arrived, a tall bearded soldier who smelled of sweat appeared and he came over to the water pipe where I had wisely posted myself. I was about to ask him if this was the train from Leitmeritz when I realized it was Paul. I remained on the train platform until the train left. When I didn’t see anything more of him or the train, I started to make my way home. It was pitch black and I had no idea which direction I should go. I do have a good sense of direction and I took my chances until I found a street with streetcar tracks, and that let me know that I was on the right path. I heard steps behind me and when I carefully turned around, I saw the contours of a man. I thought it would be better to have him in front of me or next to me rather than behind me, so when he got a little closer, I spoke to him and I asked him the best way to get to Praterstern. I lived in Salzgries at that time. He seemed trustworthy and he was surprised that I was alone and in this area. I explained the reason and he said I could walk along with him for a while. He was going to “Magenschein”, an obscure inn, which I only knew from a couplet. It would be child’s play to get farther after that, but my heart was still pounding. At 1:30am I arrived home. After that, I was not in the area of Stadlau anymore. I did pass by “Magenschein” a few times and when I was at the Gänserhäufel [means goosebumps], or by the old Danube, I could never go there without remembering my adventurous night and taking my hat off to myself for my bravery. I don’t think I could have done it a second time.

The second memory I have is of an excursion made by bicycle by Harry and Paul. I remembered that when I saw the ferry that the two of them had taken when they were coming from Lobau [Vienna flood plain area]. I tried to find the tree where Harry had put to the test who would win: his skull or the tree. I didn’t find it, the tree I mean. Probably the tree didn’t survive the concussion it got from that. It’s a good thing I wasn’t with them that time, but I remembered that story. Do you remember it? When a person’s main activity is directing their thoughts to wandering into the past and the future in order to escape the present, episodes that one would think were long forgotten come into memory.

I hope that we will be able to get good news from you soon and that our papers are already on a desk in Washington waiting to be sent off.

Everl should write to me about what she knows about Harry since I don’t hear anything from him, just like last year. Also, I’d like to hear about Paul and all the others. Do you ever hear anything from Robert?

I kiss you and I ask you to keep my love,
Helen


In today’s letter, Helene describes a similar walk down memory lane to the one she talked about in the June 4 post.

Since I did not have Paul’s World War I letters translated from the old German script until recently, this letter was the first inkling I had of how close Helene was to her nephew throughout their lives. In 1914, Helene would have been 27 years old and Paul would have been 19. This letter also confirmed for me that Helene was in Vienna as early as 1914. How wonderful that she would drop everything and make her way through the dark streets of Vienna just to be able to see her nephew for a few minutes at the train station as his unit made a brief stop.

Her second memory also lets us know that Paul spent a lot of time with the family. Although he was almost 20 years older than his young cousin Harry, he happily joined him on a bicycle ride – probably in the early 1930s.

In many letters we’ve seen, Helene recalls happy memories from the past, rather than dwelling on the unpleasant present. In today’s letter she addresses that tendency explicitly. 

August 4

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

In yesterday’s post, Paul promised to tell more about his life in his next letter addressed to the “Family” Zerzawy. Today we see that letter.

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Belgrade 4./VIII.1916

My dear ones!

My apartment is in the so-called detachment of the crew, which used to be old military housing. To that place I also go to have my meals. In my room there are another 11 people. Mostly Germans from the region of Berman and also 6 Neuner [probably soldiers from Company #9] The room would be beautiful without the bugs. The food is so-so, but starting on the 11th, I will eat the same meals as the sergeants, just as all who have finished their first year do. This food is supposed to be very good. I have quite a beautiful walk to my office. Our department (the Census) is housed in an older building. There are about 60 military instructors working who have been in different schools throughout Serbia, schools which have been established by us. Also, there are an additional 40 teachers for four weeks. As soon as the census and counting of animals for the Austrian part of Serbia which we are just now executing is done, our department will be dissolved. However, a few very competent people will not be sent back, but will be assigned to the proper statistical department. I would be glad to come back to Leitmeritz [Litoměřice in Czech], because in the long term I would not like to be here because it is so far from home.

Otherwise, it wouldn’t be bad here. For example, what is interesting is the surroundings: the castle, the Danube, Semin [now Zemun]. You can see something new every day. Today, the arrival of a new officer, tomorrow the solemn journey on the Danube of the upscale “Monitor Temes.” One day, a German regiment passes through, then follow 8-10 Turks with horses, cannons, and generals which will depart to Galicia. Then the town itself, which is half city, half village, with its grenade destruction visible everywhere, the population which also is mixed together from village and town folk, the traditional clothes, traditional customs, all different kinds of military uniforms. In short, there is enough to see. These are the bad parts: there is a lot of boring work to do (7:30-12:30, 3-7:30), bugs, flies, heat, and inflation. Much more expensive than at home. Only fruit is affordable. But you cannot afford coffee, bakery items, sausages, cheese, butter, eggs, meat. But still I am hoping in spite of everything to save money on my food and for the time being to live on 20-25k. Until now I haven’t had the right company, I miss music and reading material. Unfortunately, a package takes at least 3 weeks. Just in case I don’t write by the 17th that I have received money, please send me 60k, because the money can last for 8 days. If I have no money, I’ll be in a bad situation. Write to me often and a lot. Also, from Grandmother and Käthl, I have barely gotten a line since November 1915.

Paul

Papa, Erich, Helene have been writing regularly. 


This letter from Paul has many similarities the letters from his cousin Harry almost 20 years later. Do all letters from soldiers sound like this? Or was it a family similarity? Both Paul and Harry were 20-year old soldiers who had been forced to grow up quickly – Paul, because his mother and step-mother had both died before he was 15 and was the eldest of 5 siblings; and Harry, who by the time he was 15 was fleeing with his sister across the world and away from his parents. They each complain of uninteresting work, bad food, heat, and bugs. They spend very little money, trying save every penny. They each long for music and literature.

August 3

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

For the next few days we will be spending time with the Zerzawy family during World War I. In this letter from soldier Paul Zerzawy to his brother Robert, we have a different view of the family dynamics than we’ve seen before.

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 Belgrade, 3 August 1916

Dear Robert!

Today I received a letter from Käthl where she complains that you hit her because of something very unimportant. From where I am of course I cannot judge if it is all as she claims. Whatever the situation might be, you should enforce your authority in other ways than by boxing her ears.

This letter as you can understand has put me in a very bad mood. You can imagine that this does not really make my stay so far away from home any easier. This reproach naturally is not directed towards Käthl, but towards you, and I hope this is the last time.

I have given Käthl very strict instructions to obey you, but not to put up with being hit, but instead to write to me immediately. And be assured that I am able to help without bothering Papa, even when I am in Belgrade and I am in Brüx. In the most extreme case, it would be entirely possible for me to appear personally.

I do not think it is valid that you object that I have no right to condemn you, because I also hit you guys once in a while. I regret it today and I would never do it again. By the way, also read my letter to Käthl. She also complains that you punished her for leaving books lying around, although you were messy yourself at the same time. Consequently, I wrote to her that in this case, you are right to try to correct her untidiness (except when it comes to hitting), and that it is none of her business what you do with your books.  

Because if every head of the family could only reproach those things which he himself hadn’t done, it would be sad.

So please understand when I forbid you to punish with slaps in the face. Other than that, you have the right to tell Käthl what to do. I have great confidence that you will find the correct way to do so. At the same time, I hope that you conduct yourself with enough honor that you will respect my letters and that you will not look at any of Käthl’s letters without her permission. I am writing this because I have already had to teach you about the concept of confidentiality of letters.  

Don’t consider this situation too tragic, but also don’t take it too lightly. The relationship that we two have with each other will not be affected by this “official” matter, so to speak.

Everything else will follow in a letter addressed to the “Family” Zerzawy.

Your Paul

Please be more kind to Käthl and please promise each other that you will trust each other. It is my wish that Käthl also read this letter and that you read hers, so that you both will know what I am writing to each of you.


In August 1916, Paul was just 20 years old. His father was away at war, probably called up before Paul was. Paul had felt he needed to be the “man of the house.” Now that he a soldier, his 17-year old brother Robert must take on that role. Robert is young and not prepared to have such responsibility. Paul finds he must try to fix the problems at home from afar.

Robert was not even 3 years old when his mother Ida (Helene’s eldest sister) died. He was the youngest of the siblings born to Ida – both of his brothers Paul and Erich were soldiers in World War I, and only their sister Klara remained at home with him. After their mother died, their father Julius married Ida’s (and Helene’s) sister Mathilda, who died when Robert was 10. Mathilda and Julius had one daughter, Käthe/Käthl, who would have been 12 at the time this letter was written.

This letter demonstrates clearly the effect that war has on the people left at home, even if they are far from the fray. Children aren’t allowed much of a childhood. Fathers are away from home. In the case of the Zerzawy children, there is no mother left to take care of them. Their grandmother Rosa Löwy has taken care of the household since her daughters died, but it must have taken quite a toll on her. She was no longer young, and she had had to bury her children, the mothers of her grandchildren. The prospect of being a soldier was doubtless looming over Robert’s thoughts of his future. My heart goes out to the entire family.

July 27

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today, we have a letter from Paul Zerzawy to his brother Robert. At this point, Paul is a soldier in Serbia and Robert is finishing high school in Brüx, Bohemia. Their mother and step-mother have both died, their father is in the army, and their grandmother (Helene’s mother) is taking care of Robert and his sisters. Their brother Erich is a soldier – we saw the only non-POW letter we have in the July 14 post.

Although this is one of the earliest letters in the archive, it is one of the last I had translated. In 1916, Paul was writing in the old German script known as Sütterlin which my friend and translator was unable to decipher. Given how generic Paul’s brother Erich’s postcards as a POW were, I wondered whether it would be worth finding a translator. But when Amei Papitto started translating the letters, I gained a new perspective on the times and on the Zerzawy family’s close relationship with their aunt/my grandmother.

The return address and stamp show that Paul was working in the Statistics Office of the Economics Group in Belgrade. As with letters written more than 20 years later, much of each letter is taken up discussing with the state of the postal service – although the postal service during World War I seems to have been far more efficient than in World War II – or at least when letters were being sent on the same continent. Paul mentions how he hasn’t heard from his loved ones – echoing the same message he often will receive decades later and a world away.

Paul mentions Mila – I don’t know who she was, but clearly she was an important person in their lives - Helene mentions her in letters to Paul in 1940 (see yesterday’s post).

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Belgrad, 27 July 1916

Dear Robert!

You will receive these birthday congratulations late, because the assumption that I already talked to you about in Leibnitz that I would not be able to write in time has proven correct. It takes a little time to adapt to unusual circumstances, but now I have adapted and I find it quite nice here – if you discount little annoyances which are probably because of the southeastern geography.

I have not wandered around enough yet in the interesting parts of town in order to get something like a present for you. Let’s see what happens.

I have not received mail either from Papa or from Helene but it also is not really possible because a letter takes 3-4 days. But I have received 8 pieces of mail which were sent after me from Leitmeritz, including finally a letter from Papa, 2 cards from Erich, a letter from Helena.

Packages take 3 weeks to get here. I hope to get letters more often. I have enough money until the end of the month. Should I remain here longer, I will need more money. What I am doing here you can kind of detect more or less from the address. The description of what I am doing and of Belgrad and so on will follow as soon as I have written to Papa. Just a brief description for now of the trip. Leitmeritz to Vienna was a terrible night trip. A very overcrowded passenger train, but a military car. Helene was incredibly surprised and she offered me very sweet hospitality. I also visited Mila who bought a watch for me and gave me cigarettes. Because of the “trottelosis” [idiocy] of my military transport commander, already at night we continued our trip to Budapest, once again a bad night’s travel. There we were allowed to take a rapid train because of a good idea of mine. First class which was an incredible advantage in the very fertile but hot and boring Hungarian lowlands. At 2 o’clock we arrived at our destination. About an hour before Semlin, the visible signs of war began to appear. Ditches, destroyed buildings. The most interesting between Semlin and Belgrad was the railway bridge over the Sava. It was constructed in a temporary/makeshift way. Next to the railway bridge there is a pontoon bridge. During our journey we saw only in the distance the main goal of attack of our bombardment, but we also saw the buildings on the Lahn and we also saw that parts of the city on the Danube and Save are totally demolished. To be continued.

Robert Zerzawy sketching his grandmother with his sisters in the background.

Robert Zerzawy sketching his grandmother with his sisters in the background.