May 2

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have two letters, one in German and one in English, written from Helene in Vienna to her family in San Francisco. You can see that Helene’s English is far less fluent here than it was by the time she was writing letters from Istanbul five years later.

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Vienna, 2, May 1941

My dear children!

I probably only got Paul’s letter from April 8 because he sent it registered. And so I ask you for as long as we are still here to also register your letters. I imagine that at least 10 letters are on the way and for some of them it is really rather questionable if we will ever get them. In any case, I ask you to repeat what interesting things you have written us (school matters, etc). We are interested in everything that you have told us, but I would be happy if you could fill this postal gap as much as you still remember the events. I will be writing to Hilda, Paul, Bertha Schiller and Erwin Fulda in the next couple of days.

We are healthy and are waiting from day to day for mail and for the declaration from the consulate. The next letter will be more detailed.

I kiss you dearly
Helen


LT.0191.1941 (2.2) P2.jpg

Vienna, 2, May 1941

Dear Tillie!

It was not indolence, when I Paul requested to say you our thanks for all troubles, excitements and expenses, simply I felt myself unable to find words to express my love, gratefulness and devotion. I hesitated to alarm you, waiting for a wonder, but the wonder did not appear and when I sent our cable, it was not the last chance only, it was the only way out. One inconvenience relieved one other and the most dangerous affaire was the possibility to lose our nationality. This fear was not unfounded. Fortunately we had your cable that our affidavit and tickets for ship and railway are on the way. So we hope to have no accident till we have the information from the American Consulate.

It is terrible, that we have no mail since February 17 from the children, just one day after sending our cable. I am sorry I am not in sorrow for them, but I am angry, that they do it for us. Paul’s letter from April 8 we received, because it was recommandet. Please tell the children to write only twice a month, but registered, till post functionally normal.

From Paul and the children I know, you are much on the way and in his last cable Paul mentioned that you all are well and that makes me happy. I hope to see you very soon and our inconvenienced moments had been a bad dream only.

With my heartiest greetings to you and Julius, I kiss you
Helen


Tillie was Helene’s first cousin, the daughter of Helene’s father’s brother. She was born in San Francisco and had married a wealthy man. She was apparently a formidable personality, calling the shots and knowing what was best for everyone. From what my mother told me, Tillie decided who she and Harry would live with and gave (sometimes unsolicited) advice about choices they should make in terms of school and work. Eva and Harry had different ideas and as we’ve seen from some of Harry’s war letters, they did everything they could to get out from under the local family influence. Tillie died in November of 1961. I have only a hazy memory, probably one of my first, of going to her house for a visit. My mother spent a lot of time prepping me and ordering me to be good. I don’t know how successful she was since I was only 2-1/2 years old. I am so grateful that Tillie helped make it possible for my mother and uncle to come to the U.S. If only her efforts on behalf of Helene had been as successful.

May 1

Today’s document was found in the JDC Archives item ID 867174.

Soon after I contacted historian Corry Guttstadt, she sent me a copy of the document we see today. It is painful and heartbreaking, but so important. If you click on the JDC link above, you’ll see that at the bottom of the page it says “more.” Unfortunately, whatever more there was is not in the digital file. I’ve spent many hours over the past year combing through the JDC Archives, and could not find a second page. When I asked JDC about it, they said we’d have to wait until after Covid as the originals files would need to be checked and were not open at this time.

Helene gave the following “story” to an unknown interviewer.

ISTANBUL (MODA-PALAS) May 1, 1945

Story of Mrs. Helena Cohen of Vienna, who says she is a Turkish citizen:

“My husband and I were taken from Vienna in October 1943. The Germans separated us. They told us we would be together but it wasn’t true. That was the first lie. They brought me to the capital of Moravia and I stayed there a fortnight. I told them I was a Turkish citizen but that made no difference. They said “You are living in Vienna and a Jew is a Jew.” There was an epidemic in the camp at Brno. The group of women there included nine Slovene partisans, young girls from 18 to 25. In November I came to Ravensbruck. 

Ravensbruck is a little town surrounded by a high wall - with electric wires. We arrived in a bus and all our clothes were taken off. We were given a very thin jacket and trousers, stockings, and boots of wood. That was all. Then we came into a block-dwelling. You must think of a hut in the mountains for 250 people. But living there were 1200 to 1600. Every block had four rooms, two for sleeping and two so-called dining rooms. Beds were in layers of three. Two or three persons in a bed.

We were first called at 3 in the morning by a siren and had to stand from 5:30 to 7 for counting, outside the block. In the afternoon we had to stand again but not so long, only for work assignment…a half hour maybe. This third call was after 5pm to 8m, 9, or 10 o’clock for counting. This third call was for the first year. The second year in Ravensbruck we stood only twice.  

There were about 30,000 women in Ravensbruck (between Berlin and Stottin). All things were built by women. When we came the women over 50 were knitting. Making stockings. Very hard work. Young people were in the factories making parts for ammunition. Also trade goods for Berlin. And a factory for furs. Prisoners had furs when they came. They were taken and were prepared for the military. Not all the furs though. Some were for trade. The SS women were overseers. They were terrible —- beasts. Sadists. Took pleasure in torturing the prisoners. For a trifle a person was sent t the strafe block for a beating, entirely separated from the others. No one could go in there. Bad food - dreadful treatment - blows - all underfed. I lost in three months 25 kilos, about 50 pounds. I weighted 75 kilos when I came there.

You were considered ill only if you have over 40 degrees (104). There was one physician in the hospital (SS man) and a great many women physicians who were also prisoners. A “Schwester” in charge decided whether a patient would have a remedy or not, not a physician. There were only three remedies - aspirin, urotropine and carbon for dysentary. Operations were performed without narcotics, sometimes a local anesthetic. Trials were made on sound people. We named them “rabbits”. There was typhoid all the time in the camp. Scarlet fever, too. But mostly typhoid.

Nourishment consisted of in the morning a cup of so-called coffee - brown water without sugar. Excuse me, I don’t say it couramment [French for “fluently”]. I am a little nervous. Lunch was a vegetable boiled in water. Sometimes a little fat in it but mostly not. Some potatoes. Supper we received soup with barley that was not too bad. The first year we had one third of a loaf of bread a day. Later only one quarter and in the last three months twice a week only a slice. We were allowed to write letters once every month. In Buchenwald it was only every two months. People who were in the camp a long time and received parcels regularly by Red Cross or relations could stand it. People without parcels were doomed to starvation. The last months I received parcels from Vienna friends but the first six months I hadn’t. There were many children born in the camp. There was one whole block for pregnant women. The children weren’t too badly off. They had milk and the diet for sick people.

more

One thing that struck me when poring through the archives is that I did not come across similar testimonies from other passengers from the Drottningholm. It seems incredible to me that Helene’s was the only one. In my January 14 post, you can see the challenge of looking for documents- there I included a screenshot of the “titles “of documents – the majority do not have identifying features other than date - if you click on the link above, you’ll see that the the title is “Untitled Typewritten Document”. Thankfully, I knew the date of this document, but my search still involved hours of looking. On the other hand, it was much easier for me though than it had been Corry, who did her research before it was online and had to look through boxes of letters and documents at the JDC, I think in Jerusalem.

April 30

Living a long life was a gift

Before COVID-19, most of us in the USA had been spared being affected by diseases and conditions that led to premature death. It was very different for earlier generations. Helene experienced a great deal of loss in her life. The prospect of living to a ripe old age was not an expectation. Helene’s mother had 13 pregnancies, 8 of whom led to successful births. Only Helene and her brother lived into middle age. One sister died very young and we do not even know her name. Other sisters survived into young adulthood. Her sister Ida died in childbirth at 32 and her sister Mathilde/Mattl died at 31. According to her story about the influenza epidemic of 1889 which was posted on January 17, although only her uncle died at the time, two of her sisters were quite sickly for the rest of their lives, dying in their early 20s. Of her 5 Zerzawy nieces and nephews, only Helene’s nephews Robert and Paul survived past age 20.

Helene apparently experienced no ill effects from the 1889 influenza epidemic and survived the 1918 influenza epidemic with no problem. According to her childhood stories, she had inflammation of the inner ear as a young girl, which affected hearing in her left ear. Because of this, she never learned to swim, but otherwise she seems to have been very healthy.

One common disease for which there was no cure was tuberculosis. Helene came down with TB by 1913. By the late 1800s, sanatoria were created for patients to recuperate in a suitable environment. A German Jewish family established a sanatorium in Merano (or Meran), Italy for poor Jews who could not otherwise afford to stay in a sanatorium.

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Although my grandmother didn’t write about her experience in Merano in February of 1913, we have several photos of her there. At the time, she was 26 years old and had been working and living on her own in Vienna for about 10 years. It appears she enjoyed herself immensely in Merano while regaining her strength and health.

Helene with friends - she is standing in the back on the right

Helene with friends - she is standing in the back on the right

Helene with friends - she is seated at the right

Helene with friends - she is seated at the right

April 29

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have another postcard from Erich Zerzawy, brother of Paul and Robert, nephew of Helene. He has been a POW in Beresowka in eastern Siberia since at least January of 1917.

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 29/IV.17

My dear ones!

Up until now I have only received your mail from January. But I haven't even received all of that yet. It really ought to show up now. From the Haaterbahurat Roman [?] family I got a nice card from January 12th. I am very thankful to them but I am not in a position to fulfill their request to send them a card. Please give my regards to aunt Anna as well. I hope it is okay to continue to call her that. Please kiss her hand for me. So Robertl and Hans, you went to your induction physicals on February 15th. But I hope we will finish this soon without you.

A thousand kisses from your
Erich

P.S. Pardon my handwriting but I have a slight injury on my right index finger.


Like for Helene trapped in Vienna 20 years later, mail is precious, slow to arrive, and censored. Erich is limited to how much and how often he can write letters, so he makes sure to put his family first. Despite his difficult situation, he continues to think of others and is hoping his younger brother Robert will be spared becoming a soldier.

I do not know who Aunt Anna was, but have a few photos of her. There are no Annas or Annes anywhere on the Zerzawy or Löwy family trees. However, Paul kept some old photos in an envelope labeled “Paul Zerzawy Photos, in envelope labeled "Paul, Robert, Anne, Julius, Mattl, Ida". Julius was Paul and Robert’s father, Ida their mother (and Helene’s sister), and Mattl was their stepmother (and Ida’s and Helene’s sister). Clearly Anne was as dear to him as these other close relatives.

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Two of my favorite photos in the archive are of Anne, perhaps on her wedding day? In the photo where she is standing with the soldiers, I’m fairly certain Julius Zerzawy is standing directly behind her. These photos were taken in May of 1915.

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PH.1213.1915 (1.2) front.JPG

April 28

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we see the continuation of the letter we saw yesterday, this part written by Eva 5 days later, after she and Harry have been in Istanbul for a few days. Apparently they have received letters from their parents in Vienna.

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Istanbul, 2 May 1939

We are very happy that everything is going so well in Vienna and that your cause is going well. It will be easy to come to Uncle Isak and speak to him. However Uncle Isak is not a normal mortal. You have to report your visit in advance. But not all relatives are accepted for a visit. Only the Sevilya family (2+ times a year) and our much-honored family. Then you have the finest courtly manners with a kiss of the hand and a bow.

Isak loves to see when the children of less wealthy people are raised like millionaires and so he is sympathetic to us. If you want something from him, he won’t do it. It is only of value if he does it without having been asked.

His wife is overly nice and that is really only because she doesn’t come from such good circumstances. In our very large family, there are only two halfway beautiful beings. One is the daughter of Estrea and the other one is Yomtov’s wife. She’s really beautiful and very nice and she speaks German very well. Salomon, Isak’s brother, also has a very large family. His son in law is a relative of the Kantor Assoc. They have invited us to Prinkipo. Rachel’s daughter lives with her and has a son who looks like a little monkey. Bondie’s wife Susanne is fatter than she appears on the picture. I don’t want to reveal anything more. She told me her whole life story in gestures.

And Bondie is angry that we speak neither Spanish nor French… Fortune told me that (of course!!!!) it was a money match, but not in Italy, but rather here!

A cousin by the name of Sarah Romano is the only relative outside of Isak’s family who has a nice apartment. Saturday was a big family reception. They even have a radio which is apparently really quite something here. She has a son who is an absolute beauty. He has bright red hair and an absolutely beautiful nose.

Everyday, different people come who increase the number of relatives we have. They all are very interested in knowing what you are up to and they invite us over. I’ve only told you about the most important of the family members. If I wanted to write about all of them, I wouldn’t even be finished by tomorrow. These people speak all sorts of different languages but they are just starting to learn Turkish.

Right after the phone call, Yomtov told us that we must stay for a long time. Nobody here understands what a quota is and why we are not considered to be Turks. Yomtov is going to the consulate today to see what he can do from here. Fortune does not want you to leave again when you’re here. She says Uncle should get a job for Papa so he can stay. I should work here as a German correspondent.

You should have a picture of what it looks like here. Our furnishings in Harry’s room were more beautiful and bigger than what you have in the whole house. Everybody raves about Isak’s and Yomtov’s apartment. For me it seems like middle class Vienna accommodations. With our furniture, we would be considered millionaires.

For today just lots of greetings and kisses

EVA

P.S. We have been running around for three days trying to find culture but we haven’t found it. What we found today was bad culture. The washer lady was working with a cigarette in her mouth.

Many greetings to Jo.

My mother had definite opinions about how things should be and how people should act — and clearly she was already that way at the age of 18!

April 27

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships. Unfortunately I do not have a family tree for Vitali’s family - this letter is the closest thing I have to understanding his family relationships.

Today and tomorrow we have a letter from Eva and Harry after they arrived in Istanbul where they had gone to get their passports to be able to go to the U.S. written to their parents in Vienna. In her letter from April 25, 1941, Helene refers to her children’s leaving two years earlier for Istanbul. It must have been nerve-wracking for children and parents for Eva and Harry to travel on their own in those challenging days. Eva was about to turn 18 and Harry was 15.

You can see that the letter was typed double sided to save money and was virtually illegible. Although it looks like one long paragraph, instead of paragraph breaks, my mother added a few extra spaces. In order to make it easier for Roslyn to translate, I transcribed it.

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Istanbul 27/4//39 2:13am

Dear parents!

As we thought it would be, the ride through Hungary was very boring. But every 5 minutes, officials came by who helped us pass the time. One of them looked at the passport, he came a few minutes later and demanded to see the tickets, wrote something on them, and then another one came and looked at the tickets and tore something off. So they were playing stille-Post [“silent mail” - like our game of “Telephone”]. One customs official asked how much money we had and if we had new things with us. We denied that and he decided he was satisfied with our answer.

We got out in Belgrade because the train was going to be stopped there for a long time. We didn’t see much of the city, but just a few buildings that were lit up. We’d hardly gotten out when the train left. A newspaper boy led us across all of the tracks to get to our car in the train. The train was postponed till midnight. The part of the trip in Yugoslavia was really boring. It didn’t really get to be a pretty trip until Bulgaria. The mountains there remind us very much of Gesaüse [a national park in Austria].

In Sofia we had a two hour stop. We went with a technician and a senior storm leader who was involved in setting up a factory in Kazanlik [a town in Bulgaria]. We went through the city with them, but we didn’t get very far because the suburbs are quite big. There was a lot of fruit there. What we did see of Sofia was very pretty. But trucks were awfully bad and dirty. It’s really not that different from here. When our travel companion got out, we had two others get in to replace him. They told us they were technicians who wanted to set up a German paper and cellulose factory. We couldn’t see the region outside Bulgaria because it was already night and so we don’t know anything about Greece. At the Turkish border, there was the only customs check. They opened the suitcases and the other things were too shabby for them to bother with. The region was really pretty bleak, just a few storks were the only sign of life until we got to the suburbs of Istanbul. But then gradually we saw some mountains. The most beautiful part of the whole trip was when we saw the sea. That was really lovely. We could admire all the shadows. Shortly before we reached Istanbul we saw the city’s panorama from behind the wooden huts which were shabby and crumbling. That is more beautiful certainly than it seems in pictures. The whole things looks like castles in the air of poor people in these huts that we saw.

When we arrived we were picked up by Uncle Beppo and his daughter. We didn’t get the passport back. I had to go to the police station with Uncle Beppo and was asked why I didn’t have a Turkish visa. There is a Turkish law that a passport is only for one person. [Harry and Eva had a single passport]. With money and some good words, it’s possible to achieve quite a bit. The police chief talked to me for a while and said I should not go to the consulate and that I should just stay with my Turkish citizenship, However, and that is absolutely essential, I would have to learn Turkish. I have started already and can count to 1,000. Uncle Beppo said I have a good head for this. You would be amazed at how well I speak English. I speak English with cousin Lisette, and since we talk a lot, I am getting a lot of practice. We went for a visit to Uncle Isak. There, everybody was amazed that I could speak neither Spanish nor French. An office girl talked to me in English, but then she said she was so sorry English was so bad, she would have liked to know more about Vienna. What do you say about my newly developed talent for languages? With Uncle Isak I didn’t really speak much - he was really quite busy. He said he had already started to deal with the issue of your passport. Papa, you have no idea how many relatives you have! Aunt Fortune asked me over and over about you - why didn’t you come? If you were to come, would you stay here if you found employment? Really, every one of the relatives who were working in uncle’s office was very interested in you. There is so much more to write but I will let the others tell you. You need a lot more space than this.

For today, the best kisses and greetings.

EVA

P.S. Everything is cheaper here in Vienna although it seems to be the same stuff.

 ———

Harry Cohen
c/o Josef de Sevilya
Sisli, Sagdiç Sokak 14
Bomonti, ISTANBUL!

Dear Parents!

The trip was very lovely except for Hungary and Yugoslavia. We had a whole compartment to ourselves, because the people who got in didn’t even dare to enter our compartment. In Sofia we had a 2 hour layover which we used to take a good look at the city. I will send you pictures soon. I thought Sofia would have been more modern. There’s fruit there!!!!!!!!! I bought a grapefruit for about 9 lewa, which is about 27rpf. Here in Istanbul there were no grapefruits until two years ago. Have you ever heard an international waterfall? You will see such a thing in the form of customs officials and train conductors. Every half hour one of the two came into our compartment and said “Pasaportapasaportpassbittepasporta, billetbilletefahrkartenbilletpas” at the speed of 25km/hour. Istanbul is very beautiful. I only saw it when I was riding through, but soon I will have a look at it with Beppo. For the central European taste, Istanbul is not very modern. I am now the private tutor for Albert. Beppo wants him to learn English and German. Albert is 13 years old and only knows French and Turkish. We converse with gestures, bits of Turkish and French, and the dictionary. I’ll write more soon since we want to get this letter into the mail. Harry.


This letter was such a gift to me – hearing my mother’s young voice. I’m not sure how we have these letters – perhaps the children brought them to the U.S. in their luggage? We do not have copies of later letters sent to Helene and Vitali in Vienna – presumably they were destroyed when they were deported to the Ravensbrück and Buchenwald in 1943.

Both Eva and Harry go out of their way to disparage what they see on the way to and in Istanbul. This was also true in an early letter from Eva upon her arrival in San Francisco. I wonder whether they truly thought there was no place as wonderful as their home in Vienna or whether they were trying to comfort their parents. Or perhaps a bit of both.

April 26

Today we see a letter from the JDC Archives from Arthur Fishzohn who was working for the American Joint Distribution Committee in Istanbul to Charles Passman at the Joint in Jerusalem. In earlier posts of April 16 and 20, we learned about the lives of the Turkish prisoners who arrived on the Drottningholm. Helene described her experience in the posts February 2 and March 4.

25th April, 1945

Dear Mr. Passman:

     Re. Drottningholm

After sending my letter to Mr. Packer dated 20th April, 1945, I was in telephonic communication with him. Mr. Packer felt that inasmuch the passengers had been permitted to land and were being housed in hotels, that it would not be advisable for the Embassy to exert further pressure on the authorities at this time….

It is difficult to hazard a guess how long it will be before Ankara reaches decisions on these Drottningholm cases. Although all of the group of passengers were interrogated by the authorities here, during the time they were on the tender, word came through from Ankara that such interrogations had not been prepared in proper form. Accordingly, on Friday and Saturday of last week, police officials again interrogated all of the people at the hotels and the answers to formal questionnaires were typed out by them. I was told yesterday by Mr. Brod that the police had advised him that the questionnaire forms, as presently filled out, were due to go to Ankara today to the Minister of the Interior at Ankara. Obviously, nothing can be expected by way of decision until these questionnaires have been studied.

I have visited the several hotels on two occasions in the past week and I have spoken with many of the internees. They are all quite content with the food they are receiving as well as with the lodging accommodations. In Moda, we are housing in two small hotels most of this group, about 90 persons. (Moda is about twenty minutes ferry ride from Istanbul.) The hotels in which they are accommodated are boarding houses and, of course, the internees are especially comfortable because they are not confined to their dwelling quarters only, as they have the use of the gardens in each case. They are not permitted to leave the garden premises, but relatives and friends are permitted to visit the internees. ….

All of the internees seem to be quite content, but, of course, are quite eager about having Police surveillance removed.

.…In the meantime, the matter of accommodating at the Bene Berith or Grand Rabbinate, or some other institution, the other repatriates who we hope will be released by the authorities, is still being considered by the Repatriate Committee. If this can be worked out, the amounts of the grants to such people as will be accommodated in this fashion, will be materially reduced. 

Sincerely Yours,
Arthur Fishzohn

Cc: Mr. Harold Trobe, Lisbon


One of the things that strikes me about the Joint documents and my grandmother’s letters from Istanbul is the role of bureaucracy and penny pinching that made the lives of these prisoners almost as difficult as when they were in the camps. They had no control over their lives, they were moved from place to place to save money for the Joint, they were not allowed to leave their lodgings and were under police surveillance like criminals. This must have been disconcerting and confusing, to say the least. We read of the migrants and refugees today and their experience is so similar. Just because you land in a “safe” country, life is not suddenly easier, and may never be.

In what felt almost like “normal” times, last week my husband and I met a friend at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University and saw an exhibit called “When Home Won’t Let You Stay: Migration through Contemporary Art.” Unsurprisingly, everything in the exhibit resonated with my grandmother’s story. This mirror reflects (pun intended) the feelings that were passed on to me from my grandmother’s and mother’s experiences.

Everything #4, 2004 by Adrian Piper

Everything #4, 2004 by Adrian Piper

April 25

Today’s letter to Helene’s children and nephew in San Francisco appears to have been added to the envelope of the one we saw yesterday – today’s is Clipper letter number 93a, while the letter from April 24 was number 93. The censorship numbers are also the same.

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 Vienna, 25 April 1941

My dear children, including Paul!

Do you know what day is today? Two years ago today, a certain pair of siblings went to Istanbul. Do you remember? It’s been 2 years but it seems like yesterday, but I can’t think at the same time that we have not seen even a single line written from you for such a long time. The second bunch of letters in this month has not reached us, but I have no right to grumble or complain because Paul’s happy news came yesterday and with every hour I am waiting for mail, that is another step into our heavenly kingdom. I do not trust myself to imagine what it will be like when you meet us at the pier, because secondly it always turns out differently than how one first thinks it’s going to be. If I think about the way Harry looked when we saw him when you were traveling through here at the Ostbahnhof [East Train Station] and when we received you there, my knees shake still. So different it must have been for the godly Faust when Gretchen uttered that famous quote. (Pardon, she wasn’t that crazy that she actually quoted Berlichingen. [another Goethe work]) I wasn’t in the mood to laugh then and in the later weeks I wasn’t either when I was thinking of any possible way that I could give my Harry, whose batteries seemed to have run out, a boost to get him on the right track. But I do not have to worry about experiencing such unpleasant surprises when I see you next and you don’t either. Papa has changed very little. There’s a little bit of grey hair around his temples, it actually looks quite nice. It fits his appearance and he looks now quite a bit like Uncle Isaac, maybe the way Isaac looked about 10 years ago. I however look like one of Verdi’s witches, but as such I would certainly get a beauty prize. You will see and in the first joy of seeing each other, you won’t notice it right away. I would love to call to myself: “get down off the goat [double meaning: goat/desire] because before we get the declaration from the Consulate and we’ve burned our bridges, it’ll take quite a while. I do enjoy imagining: “on such and such a date your ship will sail” and until then may my heart remain calm and not do anything stupid.

I hope the next wave of mail which comes to Europe will bring a few lines. I actually took the whole morning off this morning to write to Tillie and Hilda, but my thinking cap is not working well, especially for English it needs a detailed inspection and needs to be oiled. Please get ready for a whole pile of letters to arrive in the next few days which express my thanks. I greet all of you and all of our dear ones and I will end with my best wishes and my most sincere greetings to you. 

I hug you affectionately and I kiss you
Helen


The first line of today’s letter resonates with me – like my grandmother, I am someone who remembers and likes to mark all important dates and anniversaries, much more than the average person. I often am surprised by the synchronicity of something that happens on a particular day that has echoes to the past. As I write this, I realize that my entire 2021 blog is based on this idea – what happened on this particular date in the past?

April 24

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

On April 8, we saw a telegram from Paul regarding money for Helene and Vitali’s journey. On April 22, Paul sent a follow-up telegram which is referenced in today’s letters from Helene to Paul and her children.

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Money for 2 train
ship tickets Joint New York
The money has been spent Joint will inform the consulate
Understand everything is fine.
See you soon.
Paul


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Vienna, 24 April 1941

Dear Paul,

I was really quite despondent until your calming dispatch from the 22nd of this month arrived and brought me back to life. Many, many thanks. I am so glad that you mentioned that you are all doing well. “See you soon”, how wonderful that sounds! I was informed from two different sources today that American letters have arrived so I had a new glimmer of hope that I might get to nibble on those as well. There must be, if the children are writing in regular rhythm, quite a lovely bunch of them on the way so I would like to know to which number you have received my letters. Now that we are sure of getting train tickets, which is very great happiness for us, but you probably can’t even appreciate how great it is. We are so eternally grateful to all those who helped make this happen. Please give everyone my greetings and my thanks. I will get Erwin’s address from the affidavit. Tomorrow I will write to Tillie and Hilda, and to you and the children as well if there is time. I have planned to do so much that I need more hands and feet to do it all. So Paul, thank you again! I think the dispatch came in good time.

Hugging you most lovingly
Helen

_______

My dear children! Did my telegram with our modest wishes get your tongue so that you forgot how to write? Is that true? Although Paul’s dispatch is dated yesterday, I am still missing your letters so much because I want to know what you’re doing and to ask you to not lose your good mood and to be happy and full of good things. What’s new they want to know? Tout va très bien, Madame la Marquise, tout va très bien, tout va très bien, just that Paul’s uncle and his wife have been notified that they have lost their citizenship. A strange couple, these two! They just accept it as if it were nothing. I often think “either they have no nerves or they have nerves of steel.” However, I always thought Paul’s aunt was quite a bundle of nerves. When I heard of this mess, I had to think of the inscription on a wayside cross at Madonna di Campiglio, on which you read: “Ha, I knew it,” said Everl: “A dog came into the kitchen, etc., etc.” No that’s not true, this is what it said:

[in Viennese dialect]

St. Barthelma is trash like the dog
A sudden bump on the ground
Do you think he cried?
Nah, crap, he laughed!

Tout va très bien, tout va très bien, only that Papa received a summons to appear on Bräunerstrasse today. I hope he will be allowed to stay until 19 June like me. The telegram that I received yesterday caused my personal barometer to go up to clear with only a few clouds. Yesterday it was mostly dark and stormy. If I, however, get letters from you then it immediately changes to no clouds, beautiful weather. Papa wanted to send you roses via Fleurope, but unfortunately they couldn’t fill the order and Everl will have to spend her birthday without any wishes coming at the right time. Please smile like when you get your picture taken, Everl, okay? Maybe among those letters piling up there will be new pictures from you? We hope that if we get any information from the Consulate, we will be able to dispatch something to you. 

That’s enough for today, I will continue tomorrow. 
Heartfelt, Turkish, honey kisses
Helen


Harry quoted the same French song in a letter to his sister four years later, which we saw on January 21. The song is happy and high spirited while telling the story of every disaster imaginable, just like the world Helene was experiencing.  

April 23

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

The following letter refers to the Zerzawy family tree which we saw on February 13.

Although sharing a last name, the author of the letter, Dr. Herrmann Zerzawy, appears not to have been Jewish and not to have been related to the Zerzawys in my family. He mentions that Paul’s and Robert’s family tree was created by their father (Helene’s brother-in-law) Julius Zerzawy and his cousin Berthold. After spending the last few years in the land of genealogy, I am in awe of all that these people accomplished without access to the internet or computers.

When Roslyn translated this document, I thought it would be of interest to people interested in the history of genealogy. I have yet to find the correct person or organization. I put the question to a listserve on JewishGen and received replies about the origin of the last name. Here is one response: “Zerzawy is clearly a Germanized version of the Czech adjective ‘zrzavy’, which means ‘red-haired’ or ‘red-headed’ (‘zrzava’ for women -- normally with diacritics in both cases). A Czech acquaintance told me that the root of the word is ‘rez,’ which means ‘rust’ in English.” When I attended a Jewish genealogy conference last summer, I learned that Jewish surnames (last names) were not officially used in some communities in Europe until the 18th and 19th century. When surnames became required, in some places wealthy Jews could pay for a “good” name and poorer Jews were “given” a name, often one which was less than flattering. I don’t know into which category “red-headed” would have fallen.

In this letter, Hermann Zerzawy consults with Dr. Samuel Steinherz, a prominent history professor in Prague who, after being driven from his post by anti-semitic students, focused his research on the history of the Jews in Bohemia.

DOC.1515.1937 (1.3) P1.JPG
DOC.1515.1937 (2.3) P2.JPG
LT.1515.1937 3.3 P3.JPG

Vienna, April 23, 1937

Dr. Herrmann Zerzawy, Governmental Advisor, Vienna

Honorable University Professor Dr. Samuel Steinherz, Prague

Dear Professor,

During my recent visit to family members in Brünn, my friend and longtime colleague Bruno Trapp gave me a gift, the Book about the Jews and the Jewish Community of Moravia by Hugo Gold, which greatly interested me. My next question was: Is there something similar for Bohemia? My friend Trapp then gave me your address, Professor, since you are the President of the Society for the History of the Jews in the Czechoslovak Republic and an author of forthcoming publications. Thus, encouraged by my friend Trapp, I am politely requesting your help re my personal situation.

To introduce myself perhaps it is all right if I mention that I have been involved with genealogy and local history, have often spent vacations on personal research in archives in Moravia and Bohemia, have been a member of the war archive for 18 years, and I have put together, through tenacious work, a family archive of all instances I have found of the names Zerzawy, Zrzavy´, Sersawy, ze Rzawy, Vitus, Veit, Witha ze Rzawy, Lapaczek ze Rzawy (von Zerzawy, etc., etc.) with numerous documents, impressions of (family) seals, family trees, all with strict historical evidence, not considering filial proofs not currently possible (to determine) for some of the older, as well as younger, bearers of the name.

1)    Original noble bearers of the name. There is extensive literature about this: [many citations]

2) Middle class (civil) Zerzawy (Zerzawey, Zrzavy´, Sersawy); in Bohemia, Moravia, Vienna, etc.)
-    Attested 1671 in Teplejšowice and Wranow, east of Beneschau (Šimak confession list/index)
-    1674 in Slawikow near Časlau (entry list/registry of the vicar or priest)
-    From 1665 on in Kreuzberg (Krucembnik) near Deutschbrod. This is the ancestral home of about 1000 Zerzawy with their descendants, and mine. My birthplace is Auspitz in Southern Moravia. Proof in the Kreuzberg registry, Prague property and tax rolls, Polna ruling class documents, etc.
-    1680 in Ronow. Časlau district
-    1616 a Hans Zerzawy, actual name Richter, locksmith in Třeboň (Wittingau) (this is still to be verified in the Prague property rolls!)
-    1717-1745, head guard Wendel Anton Zerzawy in Erlau

3) Zerzawys of Jewish origins, in Bohemia, Moravia, Vienna
Their ancestor, as far as I can document this, is Veit Zerzawy, a Jewish businessman from Upper Cerekwe. [citing information on Paul Zerzawy’s family tree below]

ZerzawyFamilyTreep1.jpeg

Great-grandchildren are:
Merits Zerzawy, Rabbi in Sobieslou (born December 15 1864 in Upper Cerekwe) and
Julius Zerzawy, mountain (mining) engineer in Brüx. His sons:
Dr. Jur. Paul Zerzawy, Vienna, Creditors Association and
Robert Zerzawy, an official (civil servant) in the textile industry in Prague.

Thanks to the collaboration of Julius Zerzawy and a Berthold Zerzawy (deceased, Vienna) I have an exact family tree, at least as much as was possible up to now.

The following questions remain:
1)    Where are the Jewish Zerzawys from?
2)    What was their name prior to the Josephine (re)naming?
3)    How did they get the name Zerzawy?
4)    Where are the Jewish, or other relevant, registry items from Cerekwe and the earlier places of origin? a) Samuel Houbitschek apparently is responsible for the registry in Upper Cerekwe. b) Earlier Jewish registry entries may be in the Catholic priest’s office in Upper Cerekwe. c) Earlier documents supposedly in the Bishop’s office in Budweis [modern name: Česke Budejovice]. These are extremely important questions!!
5)    The district rabbinate in Tabor is apparently not an archive. (?)
6)    What is in the books Prague Property and Property Taxes, as well as the ruler’s books about these questions with the ascendancy sought? (Need to research this in the books in the relevant locations - towns, cities, districts, etc.) National Archives (former cemetery archive, Prague)

Dear Professor, by chance, while this letter was half completed, Mr. Robert Zerzawy from Prague visited me, along with his brother Paul. The former will take the letter with him to Prague and take the liberty of contacting you. - Please be so kind as to advise him, so that he may, following your kind advice/direction, complete the relevant research, either alone or with the assistance of a friend. He is very interested in the family’s history. He will then be so kind as to report to me what you, Honored Professor, have said about the individual questions listed above, what reference material you may be able to name, and where your extensive knowledge might best be put to use in order to gain academic clarification. This is certainly in the best interests of the (works about) the Jews in Bohemia. In this way, you will, through my initiative, and collaboration a perhaps not uninteresting family tree of the ancestor, hopefully with a successful answer to the question of the name’s origin.

With friendly thanks and the expression of my most excellent esteem

April 22

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

With no letter today, we have another story by Helene, likely written in San Francisco in the 1950s.

When I sorted through my family papers, I found several stories my grandmother had written about her childhood. One was written in German and called “Der Loewe von Bilin.” Having a little knowledge of a language is sometimes less helpful than having none at all. I decided that the title referred to my grandmother’s maiden name Löwy and that the story would tell me all about her family and life in the Bohemian town of Bilin where she was born. Therefore, I asked my friend and translator Roslyn to prioritize its translation.

As I soon learned, the title of the story is “The Lion of Bilin” and refers to the name of the mountain that overlooked the town. When Roslyn translated this story in early 2018, I was really disappointed that it was mostly about people unrelated to her and I set it aside and did not read it again until recently. I wasn’t yet familiar with her writing style, and had not read enough of her childhood stories to understand that she felt completely out of place in Bilin as a child. Like “O Katherina” which we saw on March 13, in this story Helene takes us on a wonderful journey, this time from the 1890s in Bilin to 1918 in Vienna, and we learn a lot about her childhood as well as her attitudes and life before she met Vitali. As often is the case in her stories and letters, Goethe makes an important appearance. You can see drawings Goethe made of Bilin at the Goethezeitportal. Images 19-22 are of Bilin.

I have one stand-alone copy of this story which looks like a final draft. In a binder with other childhood stories, she had an earlier draft as well as images of a lion and of the mountain.


Final draft of story

Final draft of story

Earlier draft

Earlier draft

The Lion of Bilin

by Helene Cohen

Borschen Mountain is located in a valley between the Erz Mountains – the natural border between the Empires of Saxony and Bohemia – and the Bohemian Uplands.  It is 538 meters above sea level.  It is the highest clinkstone rock cliff in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.

We had learned this in the ‘90s in geography class.  We had to memorize it.  However, what was far more interesting to us pupils than the height above sea level of this unforested basalt rock were the many tales and stories about our local rock.  The northern Erz mountain chain, with its mountains more than 1000 meters high, the very old, gigantic, tall evergreen forests, the unforgiving snowstorms in the winter and the menacing storms in the summer, impressed us greatly. The moods of this climate made the wild, fantastic tales seem so much more believable to us than what we learned about the Borschen, which just stood there doing nothing, splendid in its isolation, quiet and evoking no fear.  It took in the sun and let it be reflected by its glittering white quartz.  Often enough, however, it just looked gray.  But the mountain, which in its quiet majesty looked down confidently and even arrogantly on our little medieval city, could not be trusted.  Tourists unfamiliar with the area might have had a hard time visiting this rock, even though they had heard of its very interesting flora and its rare minerals.  They might have seen our little Cinderella-esque city in the Bohemian spa region, but there was no sign that might have told them how to go up the cliff safely.  It is not generally known that Goethe, in his role as a nature researcher and artist, visited Bilin during his stay in Teplitz.  Fascinated by this odd Alpine formation, he drew a sketch, and, struck by the odd mood of nature, he called it The Lion of Bilin.  What a great wonder that Napoleon, on his way to Austerlitz, was thinking of other matters.  Otherwise, he might have had the Borschen removed and installed somewhere in France.  Whoever travels on the dusty rural road which passes by the Bohemian Sphinx could not have believed that the bushes between the rifts and chasms was actually a clever camouflage, a trap to prevent the eradication of the rare grasses found there along with the Borschen carnation.

Postcard in binder with draft of the story

Postcard in binder with draft of the story

Drawing in binder with draft of the story

Drawing in binder with draft of the story

We, the school children, knew nothing of this.  To us, the Borschen was not a lion, and was of no geological or botanical interest.  It was just a splendid place to play hide and go seek, and (cops and) robber games.  Later, much later, I deeply regretted having been such an obedient child who stayed away from the group who, even just in play, wanted to harm the Borschen region.

Two boys, the brightest but also the wildest in their class, were the ringleaders.  Their names were Ottl Kurz and Attl (Arthur) Kurz.  (The last name means “short”). They were the smallest kids around, but they were such daring rascals that older, bigger kids respected them.  The Kurz boys’ boldness seemed more important than the ten to fifteen centimeters in height that the older boys had on them.  While the other boys saw what a great place the Borschen area was for their robber and war games, the Kurz pair were absolutely bewitched by it.  They knew every nook and cranny.  If the Borschen had attracted a wider audience, they would have made fine tour guides.  But that never happened, and so the Borschen remained the favored place of these children, even as they grew older.  Later, as university students, they would hike up there with their textbooks, still feeling some kind of magnetic attraction to the place, as a criminal often feels drawn to the scene of his crime.  They always went to this place, even though it could have been disastrous for them.  But I’m getting ahead of myself.

During summer vacation, Ottl and Attl Kurz left the house at 6 a.m. to go to their Borschen, which always had something new to show them, like in the Thousand and One Nights. 

These boys’ parents were used to these escapades, and did not worry when their roguish boys – whom they impersonated at times - came home a bit late from the mountain, hungry as bears.  But when it got to be 9 o’clock, and their boys still had not come home, they started to worry.  They notified the police, and tired miners and field hands who heard the rumor also joined the search.  It’s strange how popular these young rascals were.   

The search was only carried out in the immediate area of the Borschen.  Searching the forests and the nearby spa was deemed unnecessary.  After a two-hour search, aided by the full moon, the boys were found, unconscious and with several holes in their heads, in a deep chasm.  They were transported to the hospital on a hay wagon.

At that time, I was no longer in my home town; I lived in Vienna.  I heard of the tragedy that had befallen the rascals some twenty years later, when I ran into Engineer Kurz in the revolving door of a Viennese café.  We greeted each other, laughing, as if we had just seen each other recently.

“Hi there, HE.  Still the same?”  The two letters had a double meaning.  They were my nickname, but in the Bilin dialect they also meant “crazy”.  And Mr. Kurz did intend that double entendre!  He grabbed my arm.  “Are you expecting someone?  Really, you’re not?  Then we can sit at the same table.” 

“Ottl Kurz, you still haven’t grown up!”

We sat together for several hours, putting everyone down – the locals, the bigwigs.  We thought the entire population, including us, was just a bunch of characters.  For the first time, I realized that it bothered Otto that he was so short, or at least it had bothered him in his younger days.  He told me – and he was lying – that his claustrophobia, which he really did have as a result of the disaster at the Borschen, had made him unfit for military service.  He thought he could help the fatherland more by thundering on about war, complaining about the war economy, the victors, and so on.  He could disguise his claustrophobia as a mental illness.

I laughed at his humor, but also felt great sympathy due to the insights into his psyche which he had shared with me.  I decided to be nice to him and take care of him, even though he kept teasing me.  His way of making fun of his own shortcomings was the best type of gallows humor.  After the waiter interrupted us, I decided to change the subject:

“Hey, why don’t you tell me about the robber show incident?  I wasn’t living at home by then.”

“Yes, it really was quite a while ago; now, our last rascal prank is mentioned in the new editions of school books as a warning about what not to do.  Now, 20 years later, I still don’t know how we two got home.  We were running around showing off our battle scars, with our heads bandaged.  We were particularly excited about being excused from school for a whole year!  That alone was worth the whole adventure.

I can still remember, as if it had happened yesterday, what happened to me just before we fell down the chasm.  Attl, who was a year younger than I, but a centimeter taller, was the daredevil.  He stood up on a sharp pinnacle and, making a megaphone with his hands, hollered to me:  “Come on up here, Ottl, and look at all this splendor!  Not even Lobkowicz has these specimens in his botanical garden.  Come smell the fragrance!”  I suffered a crippling panic attack.  Such splendor could only be found in a dangerous steep overhang; anywhere else, all the rare flowers would already have been picked.  Before I could reach him or even warn him,  Attl disappeared without saying a word.  I called his name; no answer.  Gathering all my strength, I screamed:  Attl, I’m counting to three and then I’m coming to get you!  

The end?  I’m sitting here with HE, drinking, in pleasant company, a brown liquid.  The coffee of Saxony in the olden days seemed like nectar in comparison.  Now, I live in Vienna, the city of song and love. 

Attl lives in Germany.  He is the main chemist at a dyehouse in Wuppertal.  On a business trip before the war, he met a tall, beautiful woman, fell in love with her, and they are happily married.  They have two children who are almost as tall as he is, and he is very proud of this.  I am, as you may know, since we have acquaintances in common in Vienna, still in service to the Emperor and the King.

“Why don’t you do as Attl did?”

Well, I had more holes in my head than he did, and maybe that’s why I haven’t been able to make the decision to give up the single life.  And you?  Why are you still single?  Are you really not married yet?

“That’s not going to change.”

When you left our home town, people thought you were a little “he” {crazy].  But you didn’t even fall down the Borschen.

I know people were saying things about me, but not that I was crazy.  They were saying I had a screw loose because I went to live in Vienna to work and study.  The first worked out:  I found a job that suited me, but I didn’t have the time or the money for further studies. 

Maybe things will change for you eventually.  Sometimes our status changes. 

If that was an offer, I’d have to say, we are too similar to attract each other.

Who said anything about attraction?

Too bad there’s no more room for another hole in your head.  I’d be glad to make another one for you.  

Otto laughed out loud.  “That sounds almost encouraging.  A dressing down, the kind you almost can taste.  Maybe you’ll reconsider.”

If you really want to get married, maybe I can be of help. I have a friend. She’s an unusually charming person, and she likes “originals”.  If you come to this coffeehouse again, I’m a regular here, and she is sure to be here, too.

In Spring 1919, I received a picture postcard of Borschen, from my friends Fanny and Otto.  They were on their honeymoon.  I sent them my congratulations, asking if the Borschen didn’t make the claustrophobia act up.

A second card came:  “On a good roadway, we came quite near the place I almost lost my head.  Fanny was disappointed not to find a shrine to the famous explorer. She would have liked to marry a famous man.  I told her that if I had died and then been carted away from there, then I would have been famous.  She assured me that she is happy to be married to a man who isn’t famous; that is better than not being married.  The Borschen now has a kiosk that reminds one of the ones in Vienna, but the refreshments are better tasting.

How are you doing – until next time?  Don’t be “he”, He.  Do what we did.

April 21

Today we have another letter from soldier Harry Lowell to his sister Eva.

LT.0960.1943 (1.6) P1 front.JPG

April 21, 1943

Greetings from the “Lone Ranger” state!

As you know I was put in the Quartermaster Corps – very much against my will, I must say. I was classified for motor operations and maintenance; after five weeks’ basic training I’ll be trained for that branch of the Quartermaster Corps. However, one can never be sure of things in the army; nobody can tell what lies before him here. I do hope I’ll get in some fighting unit. Army life seems to agree with me very much, indeed; let me describe to you one day’s routine at Fort Warren.

At about 5:20am, the corporal turns on the lights and shouts a few encouraging words at us; we reciprocate by muttering all sorts of names under our blankets. But we get up ten minutes later lest we receive special detail which usually means about 18 hours of the nicest jobs. After getting up we have just half an hour to clean up, shave, dress, shine our shoes, make our beds, and sweep and mop the barracks. Before we finish comes the order: “Fall out, double time!” At a terrific speed we put on our helmets, rifle belts, and leggings and hustle down to the field to stand Reveille. A few minutes later we are dismissed; then we wait for the breakfast bell. 

Here you see the whole Co. C answering the “chow” call:

Screen Shot 2021-04-16 at 2.40.34 PM.png

Inside the mess hall takes place a contest of out-grabbing each other. Have you ever fed peanuts to monkeys at the zoo? Imagine the monkeys with a uniform and you have a picture of us at “chow.” This picture repeats three times a day – breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Woe to him who acts civilized! He’ll end up with a mere cup of coffee and bread and butter, all other food having been devoured by those who followed the law of self-preservation. I have proven myself an expert at that law; I have acquired that certain “the-hand-is-quicker-than-the-eye” grab.

After breakfast we march out to the drill field and are given calisthenics and drilling. Two hours of that and we receive training in map reading, chemical warfare, etc. Then comes mail call; the rush to the mail carrier is equal to that to “chow.” About ten minutes are left for reading when the familiar bell calls for lunch. In the afternoon we get drilling and classes again; at five we stand retreat which is followed by the inevitable, but very welcome “chow.” After that the day is done and the time is ours until eleven when we have to be in bed. Fort Warren has many recreational facilities with which to assure the soldiers a few relaxing hours.

Last Saturday the first regiment had a track meet in which all its twelve companies took part. The contest included all phases of track sports. I won a point for Company C in the mile run. I wasn’t first that time, but I am sure of bringing home the bacon at our next meet in May when I’ll have gotten used to this high altitude which makes breathing difficult. We defeated Company B in volleyball yesterday and we will do our best to beat the other ten companies also. It will be a feather in our cap because our Company C is the rookie company of the camp.

I haven’t been able to get a pass to go to town yet because we are confined to the camp. Someone in the company got scarlet fever all of a sudden.

It’s getting toward bedtime, so I must finish now. Hoping you are in the best of everything, I remain

Yours sincerely,
Harry.

P.S. Give everybody my best regards.

April 20

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have excerpts from a few more documents from the JDC archives describing the conditions and circumstances of the recent arrivals on the Drottningholm. Historian Corry Guttstadt devotes a chapter in her book Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust to “The Exchange of Turkish Jews in Concentration Camps.”

In the post of April 16, the passengers had been transferred from the ship to a tender in the Bosphorus and not allowed to set foot on land.

In her letters from Istanbul, Helene talks of feeling as much like a prisoner in Istanbul as she was in Ravensbrück. In some ways it felt worse to her because she had no way of contacting Vitali and she had a support system of fellow prisoners in the camp. In Istanbul, after a brief dream of freedom, she found herself alone, penniless, and stateless. She was moved from place to place. The Joint memos confirm her conditions. Many people needed help and there was a limited budget. Moving prisoners to cheaper lodging was one way of making the money last longer. But it made Helene impossible to find, either by Vitali’s relatives in Turkey or by letters from her children and nephews. Another challenge for Helene is that the last known address she had for her daughter Eva was when she was in nursing school several years before. By April 1945, Eva was living elsewhere, and was married and had a new last name. Her son Harry was still in the army somewhere in the South Pacific. The best she could do was recall the name of the apartment building where her cousin Tillie Zentner lived.

It is hard to imagine the logistics faced by the Joint and other organizations trying to help the thousands of refugees at the end of WWII. The passengers of the Drottningholm were probably the least of their worries, but the plight of these individuals was difficult indeed.


From a letter from Arthur Fishzohn in Istanbul, dated April 17th, 1945:

To: Mr. Harold Trobe
American Joint Distribution Committee, Lisbon

Dear Mr. Trobe:

Re. Drottningholm.

It has been impossible thus far to obtain from the authorities a list of the passengers that arrived on the Drottningholm on April 12th, 1945 in Istanbul. The lists enclosed herewith have been prepared from information supplied by passengers on the Drottningholm. You will note, they indicate the name of the relative to be notified and the address for that relative. …

Passengers are extremely anxious that their relatives be notified at once. …

There is a total of 115 passengers who were transferred from the Drottingholm to Turkish tender, but who on Saturday, April 14, 1945 were taken off the tender and interned in several hotels under Police surveillance, pending the decision of the Turkish authorities concerning nationality status. We are pressing for their recognition as such nationals, or in cases where such nationality may be difficult to prove, for permission to have them domiciled in Turkey. We will ask further also for the right of all of this group to be permitted to work. We have been having excellent cooperation from our top friends here and we are certain that such cooperation will be continued until this matter has been concluded….

It will be important for the War Refugee Board and the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees to stand by regarding the Drottningholm matter. I will keep you posted, of course, promptly on any change in status.


With kind regards,
Sincerely Yours,
Arthur Fishzohn


Contents of telegram dated 20th April 1945:

To:       Charles Passman
American Joint Distribution Committee, Jerusalem

From: Arthur Fishzohn

Through:         American Consulate General, Istanbul

No. 25. The repatriate account balance as of end of this month is twelve hundred Turkish Pounds and sufficient only through July. We will need about forty-five hundred pounds monthly thereafter for Istanbul and Izmir till end of year. Drottningholm cost through April nineteenth six thousand pounds. Approximate hotel costs daily are nine-hundred to thousand pounds. All Drottningholm group without means and few have relatives here. When released they will continue to be heavy burden. Total number of passengers Drottningholm hundred forty eight. Only. About twenty in this group not being presently financed by us. Please make appropriation recommendations to Lisbon and advise me concerning same. Arrange also to have funds sent promptly. Shall I contact you in Tehran after twenty-sixth. 

From a memo from April 20th and 21st, 1945 to Mr. Charles Passman From Arthur Fishzohn:

Mr. Charles Passman
American Joint Distribution Committee, Jerusalem 

Dear Mr. Passman:

Re. Drottningholm.

I met yesterday with the Repatriate Committee and with Mr. Brod concerning costs involved in connection with the Drottningholm refugees. Today I sent you cable No. 25, which makes reference to the matter of costs. I wish to give you now a somewhat fuller picture of the situation.

A total of 148 Jewish persons arrived in Istanbul on the Drottningholm. The authorities accepted as valid, passports of 31, who were permitted to land immediately. Since that time, two more persons were allowed to land on the basis of valid Dutch and British passports. Three persons are ill, and were placed in hospitals as soon as the boat docked here. The remaining 112 persons have been interned since Saturday, April 14th in two small hotels in Moda and in the Touring hotel in Istanbul.

….The estimated costs to date are as follows:

From April 10th to 14th, for food and incidentals, brought aboard the tender, 2000 Turkish Liras. From April 14th through April 19th, the first 5 days in hotels, the sum of 4000 Turkish Pounds averaging 800 T.L. per day. Hotel costs include food and the average cost per person per day is about 6.50 T.L. [We need] a total of 812 T.L. per day which we can expect will continue as long as these people remain in the hotels….

These people will be a considerable financial burden even though the Turkish authorities should permit them to remain in Istanbul, for the reason that hardly any of them have relatives here, who can help them and very few of them have any sort of trade. …[T]here will be a long adjustment period before they will be able to find work of one kind or another.

The repatriate committee, in order to keep expenses down to the minimum… is working on plans to use the Grand Rabbinate building or Bene Berith building for the purpose of housing many of these people if and when their internment in the hotels ends. The Committee isnot altogether agreed that this would be a solution or that it can use these buildings for this purpose and they are investigating other means of handling this problem.

April 16

The following is the text of a memo found in the JDC Archives describing the first experience of the Drottningholm passengers upon their arrival in Turkey. Helene was one of the prisoners traded from Ravensbrück. In recent days we’ve seen newspaper articles about the ship’s departure from Sweden and arrival in Istanbul.

13th April, 1945

DROTTNINGHOLM

The Drottningholm, the Swedish liner, arrived in Istanbul from Goteborg, Sweden, Tuesday, April 10th, 1945.

All passengers on board are being exchanged for German nationals, who are returning to Germany. Among the group who arrived were approximately 145 Jews, who were recently interned in the German concentration camps: Bergen Belsen, Ravensbruck, Westerbork, Theresienstadt and Auschwitz (extermination camp in Poland).

These Jews had lived as Turkish nationals for years in Milan, Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, Brussels and other cities in Europe. Their passports were in virtually all cases confiscated by German concentration camp officials. However, these people were fortunate in being exchanged. The entire group is destitute and completely without means.

Arthur Fishzohn, Director of the American Joint Distribution Committee’s activities in Turkey, and J.L. Trobe, another Joint Distribution Committee representative, now in Istanbul, en route to the Balkans, greeted the Turkish Jewish repatriates on board of Drottningholm and assured them that the Joint Distribution Committee would provide to the extend necessary. 

The Turkish authorities accepted as valid the passports of approximately 30 of the Jewish passengers and they were permitted to land immediately. However, the authorities are questioning the validity of their claim to Turkish nationality of approximately 115 of this group.

The Turkish Authorities have transferred the 115 passengers in question to a Turkish tender in the Bosphorus, while completing their investigation on an individual basis of the claims of these people to Turkish nationality. They have already been on this tender for four days. Among these, are 24 children under the age of 14.

Messrs. Fishzohn and Trobe have been using all means to have these Jewish group recognized as Turkish nationals, or in cases where this may not be possible, to have the Turkish Authorities admit such persons to domicile in Turkey as refugees from Nazi persecution.

All these persons tell horrible tales of maltreatment in the concentration camps. Among the group were several women, who had been confined to camp Auschwitz in Poland. These women still bear the numbers of identification which have been seared into their arms. One of these women has her head completely covered with a shawl to hide her head shaven by the Nazis in the concentration camp. Her mother and other two members of her family, who remained behind in Auschwitz, have been exterminated.

Messrs. Fishzohn and Trobe on boarding the tender today, were besieged by all of the passengers enquiring into the truth of the reported death of President Roosevelt. They were saddened by the awful news and are transmitting a telegram of condolence to Mrs. Roosevelt.


Note: FDR died on April 12, 1945

Helene was one of the 115 passengers required to remain on the ship because Turkey did not recognize her claim to citizenship.

April 15

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

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U.S. Army Service Clubs

Fort Francis E. Warren
Wyoming
April 15, 1943

Hello,

This camp is a quartermaster training post; I don’t like the idea of being a quartermaster. They don’t ask you whether you want to go, they just put you where they want to. Letter soon to follow.

Harry


I always thought it was odd that Harry ended up being stationed in the south pacific – why would you send a native German speaker to Asia? When I did an oral interview with Harry, he spoke of how he was a fatalist like his parents and how fortunate he had been throughout his life. One instance of good fortune was that indeed his company was supposed to be sent to Europe. He and a fellow soldier were on a train to get back to base when they were about to get shipped out, but the train was delayed and the company left without them. Harry was then posted to the South Pacific. According to Harry, almost the entire unit that was sent to Europe perished.

When last we heard from Harry, he was in Monterey, CA, beginning his army service. In 10 days he found himself in Wyoming for training. According to the F.E. Warren Air Force Base website, “During World War II, Fort Warren was the training center for up to 20,000 of the Quartermaster Corps. More than 280 wooden buildings were constructed without insulation and interior walls to temporarily house the increased number of troops. In the harsh Wyoming winter, waking up in these barracks often meant shaking snow from one's blanket before heading for the just-as-cold communal showers.” Hopefully Harry was long gone by the time winter set in.

Harry waiting for a Greyhound bus. Date unknown.

Harry waiting for a Greyhound bus. Date unknown.

April 14

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have another letter from soldier Harry Lowell to sister Eva Lowell in San Francisco.

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New Guinea
April 14, 1944

Dear Eva,

Thank you for the letters of March 4th, 21st, 25th, and April 1st. My apologies for not having written you sooner; I shall be prompter in answering your letters from now on. The trouble seems to be that whenever I put writing off for another day it takes a few more days until I get in a correspondence mood again; that’s bad.

Judging from your letters I can see that you are entangled in domestic affairs. Get ready to receive a lecture from your brother; here goes. All the years of education, both academic and medical, have failed to teach you fundamental psychology or any sense of diplomacy applicable to peaceful relations with one’s relatives. Or is it patience you lack? Have you ever tried to see both sides of an argument? Learn to control your tongue and get rid of your stubbornness; then you will have reached successfully the first stage of the art of getting along with your relatives. (Editor’s note: Are you interested in learning the next nine stages of it? Then write for Prof. Lowell’s outstanding books; “Towards Harmonious Dealings With One’s Kin”, “Why, and Why the Hell Not?” and “Cheerful Psychology For Everyday Use.” These three volumes can be obtained either from the author himself or from your neighborhood second-hand bookstore.)

Now that I have given you a paternal sermon, I’ll turn to nicer subjects. (I guess you could imagine your brother, father of a little brood, giving lectures before and after dinner; what a holy terror I’d be!)

As to that Standard Oil deal, my suggestion is still the same; stay away from it. If you have a desire to get away from S.F., try to get some good job in a different location. About four hundred miles distance should be enough to give you plenty of independence without any interference. Of course, should you get a good job offered anywhere far from S.F., you’ll have to approach Tillie diplomatically, etc. Just use your head and follow my advice in the three aforementioned books.

No, I haven’t heard of Julius being in the hospital; I hope it’s nothing serious.

How are you getting along otherwise? What’s the name of the turtle at your house? I would like to send to Ursula’s mother a couple of dozen of those beasts that serenade us every night with their “whaaaat, whaaat, whaaat”; they are the New Guinea frogs. (They need tuning.)

I got a hold of a trigonometry book and I’m having a lot of fun with it. How is Ursula getting along with her French lessons or has her tutor given up teaching?

Well, old girl, that’s about all I have to write about. Special Service finished our company with a little library, consisting of a cabinet and about a hundred books; it’s very nice I think.

Right now we’re in the mosquito hunting season and we take preventive measures to keep the anopheles away from us; we keep a net over our cot, here is a poem about it:

FRUSTRATION

G’wan and buzz, you son of a B---,
I’m under a net and you can’t bite me.
You can rant and rave and tear your hair,
But I’m in here and you’re out there.

You can call your friends to bring you aid,
You can call the spawn of the eggs you laid.
But not one whit will they help you out,
For the cords of this net are strong and stout.

 Your buzzing rasps upon my ears,
But this bar of mine quells all my fears.
Even a blind man’s eyes could see,
Your evil proboscis won’t stick in me.

I settle me down for a night’s repose,
My physique is bare, devoid of clothes.
But something starts to gnaw on my hide.
One of the bastards has snuck inside!

New Guinea                --S/Sgt. R.W. WAR…

 

 Well, this is absolutely the last page.

Love,
Harry. Prof of Psycholgy,
Physiology, and Philosophy

P.S. Give my best regards to the folks (2266-22 Ave) and to the Travers!

 


It’s wonderful to hear “Professor” Harry give his sister Eva advice, following up on the advice he gave her against taking a job with Standard Oil in the letter posted on March 9. Here, he is the ripe old age of 20 and his sister is almost 23. They had very different personalities. Harry was easy-going and charmed everyone, not letting others know what he was thinking. Eva had strict rules for herself and others, and was incapable of telling a lie or of stretching the truth even a bit. With no news of their parents, relatives in San Francisco took on the parental role, much to Harry and Eva’s displeasure. They needed to quickly find a way to make a living and become independent. That was much easier for Harry as a boy. Eva felt constricted by the rules and expectations for girls and it is clear from this letter that she wanted to get as far away from the expectations and judgments of family members.

Ursula was a friend of Eva’s from nursing school. Although Eva apparently complained to Harry about Ursula’s mother, I only heard my mother say good things about her. For many years she was Eva’s landlady. I remember her as a sweet old lady who sometimes took me to the zoo.

April 13

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a letter from Helene in frigid Vienna to her children in San Francisco. Although she typed without paragraph breaks on both sides of a half-sheet of paper to save money on postage, I have breaks for ease of reading.

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 26th Clipper letter, on 13th April 1940

My golden children!

I was about to write a complaint letter because I thought I’d been forgotten, but then the postman’s ring prevented me from doing that. He didn’t keep me from writing, but he stopped my bad mood and the barometer went from changeable lousy weather to cheerful. It was the birthday letter to Papa (which I answer quickly) which made the April weather on Seidlgasse better. In actuality, the thermometer was -1 degree today and our oven is fed with all sorts of goodies. It is currently eating the ruins of an armchair which I found when I was cleaning out our basement. The latter I had to clean out because it’s going to be commissioned as an air raid shelter.

I was particularly happy about the contents of this letter because you spent the Easter holidays pleasantly, as we wished you would. Eva may continue writing such “shocking” letters; we enjoy all the descriptions of the comforts that our only relatives over there give you. Harry said in his last letter similar self-torturing comments regarding a ham sandwich. A song occurs to me: “Where is my Christian, in Hamburg or Bremen? I look at our cows and I think of Christian.” In another verse of the song, “I hear our donkey braying and I think of Christian right away.” I really have to be happy that you think of us when you are thinking about happy things and not domestic animals.

I’m not writing anything in paragraphs because I am just writing how I think. Please don’t tell my German teacher about that. The clipper post is such that it’s quite expensive and I’m looking to get my full money’s worth out of the postage. So I ask your forgiveness. There are a few lines in here for Sol Goldberg and Robert. By the way, I don’t know the address for either of those people. I also don’t know the address for Aunt Tillie.

I have nothing to say new about us, except that this week I “consolidated” a lot of plates, to use Eva’s technical term. This week I was a little more nervous than otherwise because I didn’t get any mail, but I don’t cry over spilt milk [in German: broken dishes]. It hurt more that we lost our beautiful Copenhagen vase which Papa broke. He promised to replace it but there is really no way. We have lost a beautiful thing from earlier times that always reminded me of “at home.” That’s just too bad!

While I’m writing, spring is rushing by me and winter storms are not thinking about giving way to the blissful moon, as little Harry used to naively believe. By the way, what happened to my “pickled herring”? [perhaps a play on the name Harry?] Did it become an eel? We were always such a respectable family - how did we come up with an eel in our honorable family? After my son has a “brain-storm,” I can think of all sorts of things and go back to something else.

Was it Aunt Hedwig who invited you, my Eva-child to the movies? The noblesse of Aunt Tillie and Bertha who always feed your eternal hunger for stockings made me very happy. Thinking of your stockings, I mainly wear the ones Harry left behind; I think I’m going to have to go to a blacksmith soon. On my birthday and Christmas, I got from Papa some stockings as well. He used the points he had available and I think a friend of his may have helped him out with additional points. I am not wearing them however, I am saving them for my daughter.

We got a call from the gallery. Papa wishes to get all the phone numbers. I believe I asked for Zentners’ telegram address. Olga wrote to me. She was happy to get a letter from Eva, but she was sorry she could not send me the original.

Many, many kisses. I greet you all. Your insatiably letter-hungry Helene-Mutti