August 30

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today, we have the 48th letter from Helene in Vienna to her children who have been in San Francisco for ten months. It was written on August 30, 1940.

LT.0143.1940 (2.2).jpg

Clipper # 48

My dear children. It is the 30th of August and no news from Harry, and Everl’s letter from this week either failed to materialize or did not arrive, nor did I hear anything from the other side, which might have been a comfort to me.  My head is just a depository of ghosts. I feel like I’m in Dante’s circle of hell. I’m not in the mood to write and please don’t be hurt by that. As soon as I get the letters from you which I wish for I will write in more detail. The letter to Everl arrived yesterday and I apologize for opening it, but I’m enclosing it without having read it. In order not to damage the stamp that we needed, Papa had to cut open the envelope which had already been damaged by the long journey. After this second operation the original envelope wasn’t in good shape anymore. Also, if I had sent it in the original, the letter would have taken another 9 months, as you can see from the postmark.  

Papa is in a hurry, he has some things to do, so I am going to end for today and I hope that next time I’ll have a reason to tell you more and nicer things.

I wrote to Paul months ago that he should ask at our Consulate what should be done about our situation. The information which I got here did not seem competent. Do you remember how the American Consulate took up your case in such a different way than the one we have here? Even when you consider that the one I just mentioned is not so busy as the one here I still think that I would get better information from over there. Since Paul didn’t answer, I’m assuming he didn’t get the letter because otherwise he would have at least sent me a message, even if his news was negative. It’s really necessary to give Fate a kick in the pants.

We’ve had a visitor, and I’ll tell you all about it in the next letter.

Kisses.
Helen


At this point, Helene has stopped even hoping for letters from Harry, noting only that the weekly letter she could count on from Eva has not appeared. The post continues to be unreliable. Apparently, Eva received a letter in Vienna that was sent from someone the previous year. Postage is expensive and resources are tight, so Vitali and Helene conserve every stamp and piece of paper.

August 29

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Earlier this year, I posted excerpts from a few stories and reminiscences that Helene wrote in the 1950s while living in San Francisco. The post today contains excerpts of a (slightly edited) story she wrote about the events of a sweltering August afternoon in Bilin, Bohemia. We get a sense of young Helene’s family life and her siblings’ personalities.

Helene was the youngest of seven children who survived infancy. Based on context, I would guess that this story takes place around 1891 or 1892.

The siblings:

Ida – born in 1869, married in 1894
Max – born in 1874 (see photo below)
Flora/Florly – born in 1876?, died in 1898
Mathilde/Mattl – born in 1878
Clara – born in? died in 1894
Irma/Hummel – born in 1883? died in 1904?
Helene/Enene – born in 1886


Young Max Löwy, date unknown

Young Max Löwy, date unknown

Uproar on a sultry Summer afternoon (aka Palace Revolution)

Ida, the oldest of us, came from the veranda next to the kitchen to escape for a while the merciless heat of the sultry August afternoon which was made hotter by her occupation. In general, that sun porch was one of the airiest places in the house and was the most useful space on the floor, serving as storage, sewing and ironing room, as well as the place for reading and writing in daytime. At night it was the our housemaid’s bedroom.

Tired from ironing stiff men’s shirts, collars and cuffs, she entered the drawing-room, seated herself on an easy chair for a half an hour’s rest, and used a handkerchief alternately to wipe or fan her face.

Brother Max and his sisters spent the hot August day each in their own fashion. Max, hidden and smoking behind a host of newspapers, watched Mattl’s strange behavior, sitting with a book in her lap, hands clasped over it, staring vacantly into space. It was not her custom – she normally busied herself with drawing, mending socks or the like, with good humor and humming a melody Ida or he had recently played.

Florly’s sat in her usual seat next to the sewing table before the center-window, watching what was not going on in that deserted main square. She would normally be reading a novel, but that day the unusual sultriness made her drowsy.

Clara sat with Irma and me on the floor, making new dresses for our dolls from her own designs.

A surprising silence prevailed.

Max, still studying his favorite sister’s queer mood, glancing over his paper, diagnosed: Weltschmerz. [world weariness]

“How about a little stroll, Mattl? It is cooler outside.”

“No, I can’t stand the heat either inside or outside.”

“A game of chess?”

“No, thank you.”

To cheer her up, he took his guitar from the wall next to the piano, threw himself into the easy chair again and sang in his agreeable voice:

From paradise I will tell you a new fairy tale
Of an ancient people, but my story is not stale,
Rudiral lalala, rudiral lalala, my story isn’t stale.

The Lord said “hi” to Adam, taking from him
A rib to make yards of Eva, just for his whim.
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, yards of Eva, for whim.

To Adam he said: “Feel at home, I only beg thee,
Don’t ever take an apple from that tree.
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, take never an apple from that tree.”

While the Lord with Adam had that conversation,
Eva got acquainted with a snake. What a sensation!
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, Eva got a sensation.

Pretending to know nothing about,
Took an apple and put it in her Adam’s mouth,
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, put an apple in her Adam’s mouth. ….

The Lord watching with pleasure his creation’s crown,
Witnessed with fury wicked Adam’s fall down.
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, witnessed wicked Adam’s fall down.

With rage he called: “Archangel Michael come out.
Expel from paradise Eva and her lout.”
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, from paradise expel Eva and her lout.

Crestfallen, Adam said, “Eva, that is the end,
I have to go to Halle [not hell: a university-town in Saxonia near the Bohemian border] to become a student.
Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, go to Halle and become a student.”….

“Max, I think you had better not extend your academic liberty to our home. Or do you think it is a proper nursery-song for the kids?”

“Not a bad one at all and very funny, Ida. Besides Hummel is a school girl and Enene will pretty soon become one too and they have to know about religion. By the way, I really had not the intention to intrude in your domain — educational work I leave entirely to you. What I wanted was to chase away was Mattl’s mournful face.”

In order to show Ida that in his opinion the topic was exhausted, he sang another ribald student-song.

“I think,” said Mattl in a better mood, “that second song of Max’s would be a great success for gallivanting Eva.”

Now Ida was really angry. “I think that’s enough, Max: I only hope that one day you will become as outstanding a doctor as you are an unexcelled mountebank.”

Her brother ignored that remark entirely and continued his guitar concert, choosing more vulgar songs.

Florly, who until now had taken no part in that duel of words, dropped her less amusing novel and we children pricked up our ears. Max enjoyed such an appreciative audience and continued with his inexhaustible repertoire.

Ida, who had unsuccessfully tried to calm herself, said: “It is not only the words, Max, but that you corrupt their taste for good music.”

“Don’t be silly. Do you want me to entertain them with Beethoven’s “Lieder an eine ferne Geliebte” [To the Distant Beloved] or Mendelssohn’s “Auf Flügeln des Gesanges” [On the Wings of Song]? Can you not become less moralistic?”

“You can call it moralistic, prudish or spinsterish, I don’t care. It seems to me that you spend more time in the Kneipe (reserved rooms in inns where student associations spent their night singing, drinking, sometimes to the point of rioting) than at the university. I know that your grades couldn’t be better, but your behavior could be. No wonder you fight one duel after another, not considering how upset Mother always is, if by chance she hears about your rowdy exercises from some of your fellow-students who, of course didn’t know that she had no idea of her son’s ‘heroic deeds.’ Your monthly check from Uncle Jack in San Francisco liberally covers your tuition and reasonable expenses. You shouldn’t accept the money Mother gives you, worrying that you do not have enough food to eat. Instead her contributions permit you to live beyond our means. Being the only son doesn’t require you to be a first-rate playboy.” 

Money affairs were never discussed in our private rooms. Ida, who assisted Father, was up-to-date with the family’s financial situation and mother knew only too well how matters stood, but all the others, including Max, were not interested in Father’s business and were perfectly ignorant about money. We didn’t think money grew on trees, but knew that our parents had a printing and stationery store, that father published a weekly newspaper and sometimes printed some short-lived periodicals. But other than Mother and Ida, we had no idea how much work, trouble, and sometimes losses were involved in Father’s enterprises. Our allowances were given according to our ages and were by no means extravagant. Ida admired Mother’s business routine in the same way she admired her gift for running our household with very limited resources.

Because Ida knew how indifferent we all were to business matters and thinking that we all were engrossed in our activities, for once she forgot her usual circumspection.

Flora dropped her book again and became meditative. Mattl had forgotten her Weltschmerz and listened attentively to Ida’s and Max’s arguments. Clara and Irma didn’t pay any attention, but I cocked my ears. Not that I was interested in their controversy – it was pure satisfaction to me that Ida found fault with my big brother too, unlike Mother and my other sisters who thought him a fearless knight and beyond reproach.

Max felt uncomfortable and wanted to change the subject: “Let us play a sonata.”

“Not now. The air is still contaminated by your Gassenhauers (vulgar songs).”

Flora, Mattl and Clara – who hadn’t taken any part in the battle – interfered now. On that hot afternoon, they enjoyed their brother’s vaudeville humor better than Ida’s austerity.

“Ida,” Florly cut in, “it is ridiculous to make such an issue of a harmless hilarity. I imagine that Halle must be a very pleasant and fascinating place. I have the desire to become a modern Golias too.”

“Goliath, I reckon you mean,” interrupted Clara, “but I can’t guess what that giant had to do with the small university city across the border.”

“When I said Golias, I meant Golias, which is the name for medieval strolling students, Miss Smarty. Some more reading would do your beauty no harm. Maybe Max will agree with me, it is a wonderful remedy for Weltschmerz.” 

“Don’t forget to buy a harp, Florly, since your penchant for show practicing “Easter Bells” on the piano, would not sound so bad on that biblical instrument.” (That was the title of a horrible piece of music, the only one that Florly played by heart.) “But first you have to finish high school.”

Ida gave Clara an intimidating glance and got up. At the door she called, “Clara, come here for a moment, please.” Clara followed her out of the room.

“How could you say such a nasty thing to our sister? She so seldom takes part in such merriment. She caught Max’s frolicsomeness. Flora, in her gentle way, pretended not to have heard your intended-to-be-witty remark, which was not witty at all, but tactless. Don’t you know that Flora, the sweetest of our sisters, has not yet recovered from the influenza, maybe never will, and that she is too weak and sick to attend school? Father hires a private tutor whenever she feels well enough and wants to catch up on her studies. Nobody will care if she finishes high school, all that counts is that she regain her strength. Our parents do what she wants and she wants so little. I had never expected that you could be so rude, you who are always so good-natured.”

Clara, really downcast, answered: “Upon my word, Ida, I didn’t mean to be rude or to hurt her. It was just thoughtlessness. My sense of humor is not as sparkling as Father’s or Max’s. It’s just that we are all in such a strange mood. I think it’s the unbearable heat.”

“I am glad you realize that and don’t think, à la Max, that I am moralistic. I feel guilty too and was perhaps more aggressive than I intended. Please accept my apology and now go in and don’t mention anything, forget about it, and just be yourself – good, so awfully good.”

She kissed Clara who responded with a big hug and both reentered the room.

“Ida, have you changed your mind about playing a sonata with four hands or with me accompanying you on violin or cello?”

“I am not really in the mood.”

“High time to get married. You are becoming old-fashioned, spinsterish and prudish.”

Mother, who entered noiselessly in her soft slippers, said: “Ida is neither old-fashioned nor prudish. She just has better taste in music than you despite your fine technique. I don’t enjoy your vulgar songs. There are so many lovely student songs – both in tune and words. Why don’t you sing some of them for a change if Ida is not in the mood for classics?”

“They are too sentimental and your daughter Mattl needed to be cheered up. I tried to cure her very serious fit of mental sickness. But you, Mummy Rosa, disappoint me by being so touchy. You are a very bad example for Ida.”

Mother left the room as silently as she had entered it, but in a very low voice she said: “Sometimes your insolence knows no limits.”

Ida, in general so composed, lost her temper a second time that day. “Your cynicism is without equal, you brilliant, good-looking good-for-nothing. How dare you talk to our mother like that, and what is worse, in the presence of the children?”

The Flora-Mattl-Clara trio, who earlier showed that they enjoyed their brother’s monkey business better than Ida’s moral philosophy, now sided with oldest sister.

Max felt uneasy, defeated, and with regard to his mother, guilty. He left the room. Ida mastered her feelings again and even produced a faint smile. She knew that Max was looking for Mother to apologize. To find her was not so simple, since she was omnipresent: seemingly simultaneously in the kitchen, cellar, store, and print rooms. To reconcile with her was not difficult – she always made it easy for everybody.

After dinner, Mother put a great platter of apples on the table, which Father had brought from the country. Simultaneously Irma and I started: “Rudiral lalala, Rudiral lalala, never take an apple from that tree.” 

Father smiled knowingly and Mother said seriously: “Because you children are being so sassy, you will have no apples.” The Florly-Mattl-Clara trio suppressed their giggling with great effort.  

Ida, as usual, saved the situation:

“How about the Kreutzer sonata we rehearsed yesterday, Max? Father would enjoy it and he hasn’t heard us playing together in a long time.”  

“Is the air not too polluted?”

“Not anymore,” answered Ida, smiling. “The room has been thoroughly aired out while we were having dinner.”

Arm in arm, they left for the living room. After their performance, Ida said: “Nobody can help but be infatuated with you. You are just irresistible while playing music.”

“I think, if you get married, I will lose the most ideal accompanist – every virtuoso would envy me. I will have to abandon chamber music. You are so sensitive, intelligent, and so unfathomable.”


One theme that recurs in my family from one generation to another is the patriarch’s intelligence, charm, wide-ranging curiosity, and absolute disregard for practical things like money and providing for a family. (See February 16 and May 9 posts.) It was left to the matriarchs to tend to the mundane details of survival. This is not unlike ultra-orthodox Jews, where the men spend their lives in Torah study, while the women manage the household. Rather than Torah, my great-grandfather’s and grandfather’s studies focused on current affairs and metaphysics. We learn that their Uncle Jack (presumably their father’s brother Jacob – Tillie Zentner’s father and Hilda Firestone’s grandfather) in San Francisco supplemented their meager earnings to enable Max to go to medical school.

Ida always comes off in Helene’s stories as caring, but stern and strict, with no sense of humor. She and her mother were both very involved with helping her father’s business thrive and with the care of her younger siblings. Given their 16-year age difference, Ida was more of a parental figure than a sibling. Their brother Max was far more carefree and mischievous than his sister and he delighted in teasing her.

I had no luck finding the song that my grandmother quoted. I assume she heard it originally in German, but the translation is awfully good. I found a book of 16th-19th century German songs — presumably some of Max’s repertoire came from these.

In this story, Helene mentions that Flora was not healthy, still suffering the aftereffects of the 1889 influenza epidemic (see January 16 and January 17 posts). As we live through our second year of Covid-19, I wonder how many of our lives will be altered forever, as were the lives of so many who were fortunate enough to survive the 1889 epidemic.

August 28

The lighter side

After a few very sad posts, I felt it was time to go on “vacation” before the summer ends. We saw a few of Paul and Robert Zerzawy’s travel photos in the May 15 post. Today we see photos from a trip they took in August 1931 to Lapad, near Dubrovnik and other photos that may be from Italy. It’s wonderful to see the brothers so relaxed, happy, and together! They were separated throughout so much of their lives — by two world wars and beyond.

Some of the photos are timeless and could as easily have been taken today as 150 years ago:

PH.1194.nd.JPG
PH.1389.1931 (1.2) front.JPG

One thing that has changed is how much more formal they dressed when they traveled than we do today – other than photos taken at the seaside and at a hotel or spa, Paul and Robert are always dressed meticulously in suits and dress shoes.

Robert with unknown woman.

Robert with unknown woman.

Paul looking out on the water.

Paul looking out on the water.

Robert sunbathing

Robert sunbathing

Robert and Paul with unknown woman.

Robert and Paul with unknown woman.

Robert, Paul, and an unknown woman. At a spa?

Robert, Paul, and an unknown woman. At a spa?

We see a lighter side of Robert and Paul in a few photos. My guess is that in the photo below they are drying their “tears” because their trip is ending:

PH.1008.nd.JPG

August 27

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a letter from Robert Zerzawy in England to his cousin Harry Lowell in California. Robert’s brother Paul died in San Francisco in late July, just a few days before Robert’s 49th birthday. See July 24 post.

This was one of the first letters my friend Roslyn translated almost four years ago. She had found most of it illegible. At the time, I wasn’t too concerned because I hadn’t understood how integral the Zerzawy brothers were to my mother’s and grandmother’s stories. Only in preparing today’s post did I realize that the problem might not have been legibility, but that Robert in his time of grief had reverted to writing partly in the German script he’d learned as a boy. Fortunately, translator Amei Papitto was able to read and translate the Sütterlin, so we have a window into a difficult time in the family’s life. 

Screen Shot 2021-08-26 at 3.00.58 PM.png

17 August 1948         

West Bay Road
Bridgport, Dorset

Dear Harry,

For weeks I have been very depressed and although I have tried twice, I just cannot seem to finish my letter to you. 

It’s difficult for me to speak about the distribution of the things that Paul left behind. But after all, it has to be done. I will comment on this in a few days.

Another issue is the annoying family gossip which I would prefer to completely ignore. But because he has widened the circle and because it was even able to overshadow my relationship with Paul, or more correctly, the other way around. Because of that, I will have to make a statement about it. This I also want to delay for a few days.

Finally, there is your kindly-intended suggestion that I should again consider the idea of coming over to you. This chapter also needs a longer discussion.

Unfortunately I am not physically able to do this, nor can I find the right mood to write. Also, there is no hurry. What should happen in a hurry is that I should not make you wait any longer and that I should at least send you this answer.

I sincerely thank you for your honest statements and I understand you completely. I also know that you are only guided by one motive – to give me good counsel.

Please give me a few more days. When I feel a little better again, I will explain myself in detail.

That’s all for today. Also, I send reciprocal assurance of our warm connection.

With heartfelt greetings.
Your Robert


How sad that Paul’s death caused Robert so much strife beyond the grief of losing his last living sibling. We glean from this letter that there were uncomfortable family dynamics around the disposition of Paul’s estate. We saw Paul’s 1945 will in the July 24 post. I am guessing that Paul left little behind – from all we’ve read, he made very little money and for many years relied on the kindness of his relatives in San Francisco to help him eke out an existence.

I don’t know whether Robert ever met Hilda and it would have been awkward to try to communicate from afar his desires and needs. We have seen in his young cousins’ Eva’s and Harry’s letters and actions that they did everything they could to escape the uncomfortable family dynamics of their San Francisco relatives.

It’s interesting how grateful Robert is for his 24-year old cousin’s advice on how to deal with the situation. Harry knew all the “gossip” and the people involved, but he was advising a cousin more than twice his age.

August 26

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have another red cross postcard from POW Erich Zerzawy in Eastern Siberia to his younger brother Robert Zerzawy in Brüx, Bohemia. Robert’s birthday was a month earlier, so I assume that is the birthday Erich refers to. Robert was now 18 and may be expecting to be drafted any day.

As always, receiving mail (or not) is the main topic. At this time, their grandmother Rosa (Helene’s mother) was taking care of the youngest Zerzawy children (Robert and Kättl) while their father and older brothers Paul and Erich were away at war. Another daughter, Klara, died in 1916.

If I’m reading the postmark correctly, this censored card did not arrive in Brüx until November. 

LT.0066.1917 (1.2) front.JPG
LT.0066.1917 (2.2) back.JPG

26/VIII.17

My dear ones!

I especially want to thank dear Grandma for her card. If she knew how happy it made me, she would write more often. Otherwise I don’t get much mail. I haven’t heard from Papa in a long time. I hope your birthday wishes will come true soon. That would be the best thing we have found out in 3 years. With greetings and kisses from

Your
Erich

August 25

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have the text from a telegram or other message sent by Eva to her parents in Vienna in August of 1942. They have not been in regular contact since the U.S. entered the war in 1941 and hear only seldom via messages through the Red Cross. This appears to be a reply to the letter we saw in the May 12 post.

LT.0537.1942 (1.2).JPG

August 24

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Warning: today’s post may be difficult to read.

In yesterday’s post, I described the most recent part of my journey to learn more about my family, particularly about my grandfather Vitali. Perhaps some of the information has not wanted to be found until quite recently. Or perhaps I wasn’t ready to find it.

Only by searching in the right source at the right time have I been able to get answers to questions, some of which I thought might never be answered. Perhaps a particular document has only recently been digitized or uploaded, or perhaps it’s the luck of the search. My search has certainly been easier than it was for my grandmother and the thousands of people looking for traces of their loved ones at the end of World War II.

This summer I decided to look for information about Vitali at the Arolsen Archives in Germany. I had searched there in the past and found nothing. As I mentioned in the July 5 post, I found several items related to Vitali’s time at Buchenwald, including what may have been the original document that said that Vitali had been seen at the time of liberation – the statement that encouraged Helene and her children to believe that Vitali had survived (helped also by her friend Paula’s letters assuring her that she’d seen and heard from him).  

Häftlings-Personal-Karte, Haim Cohen, Buchenwald p. 2; ITS Digital Archive, Arolsen Archives; https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/G/SIMS/01010503/0273/52439235/002.jpg

Häftlings-Personal-Karte, Haim Cohen, Buchenwald p. 2; ITS Digital Archive, Arolsen Archives; https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/G/SIMS/01010503/0273/52439235/002.jpg

Handwritten statement: “This person appears on lists of liberated prisoners (compiled by the American Army)”


Most of the documents were intake and other official cards, with information about him and the belongings he brought with him to Buchenwald. The document below (which is the front side of the image above) sent a shock wave through me and it took several days to recover. Having an intellectual sense of my grandfather as a prisoner was very different from seeing photos.

Häftlings-Personal-Karte, Haim Cohen, Buchenwald p.1; ITS Digital Archive, Arolsen Archives; https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/G/SIMS/01010503/0273/52439235/001.jpg

Häftlings-Personal-Karte, Haim Cohen, Buchenwald p.1; ITS Digital Archive, Arolsen Archives; https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/G/SIMS/01010503/0273/52439235/001.jpg


In early August, when I went back into the Arolsen Archives, I found additional documents, including one that answers the question of Vitali’s fate – that he died on a “death march” near Penting, Germany. When I first spoke to historian Corry Guttstadt in late 2017, this was her theory –tens of thousands of men were marched out of Buchenwald in early April 1945 when the German SS realized they were losing the war. Few prisoners on the marches survived.

Investigations regarding the sites Neunburg vorm Wald - Rötz. DE ITS 5.3.2 Tote 29; Attempted Identification of Unknown Dead, https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/H/Child%20Tracing%20Branch%20General%20Documents/General%20Documents/05050000/aa/ao/pl/001.jpg

Investigations regarding the sites Neunburg vorm Wald - Rötz. DE ITS 5.3.2 Tote 29; Attempted Identification of Unknown Dead, https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/H/Child%20Tracing%20Branch%20General%20Documents/General%20Documents/05050000/aa/ao/pl/001.jpg

The document states that Haim Cohen was among the unknown dead who were buried in Penting on April 21, 1945 and were reburied in Neunburg v. Wald in the fall of 1949. He was deemed to be one of the buried based on his prisoner number.

Although the above document was created in 1950, it was never found during the many times my grandmother requested information about her husband.

It appears that Vitali died on April 21, about 165 miles away from Buchenwald. The map below shows the distance between Buchenwald and Penting. Also on the map is Flossenbürg – the only reference to Penting I could find said that the prisoners who were in Penting had come from Flossenbürg concentration camp. It would make sense that they would believe that Vitali had been with the group from Flossenbürg since it was on the way from Buchenwald to Penting.

Screen Shot 2021-08-20 at 1.52.27 PM.png

All of my life, I knew that all four of my grandparents had been interned in concentration camps. My grandmother Helene was the only grandparent I ever met. It was comforting to think that Vitali might one day fulfill his wife’s and children’s hopes that he would show up on their doorstep.

For most of my life, I avoided reading books and watching films about the Holocaust – I never felt I “needed to” learn about the specifics because I had internalized the loss and trauma and didn’t feel the need to gain more understanding or empathy. It’s taken me until now to be able to look more closely – poring over my grandmother’s letters and stories, and looking until I finally found what happened to Vitali. Over the past few weeks I have felt sad and anxious and sick. It has taken me many days to sit down and write this post. Last week, I arranged to meet with my translator to look at some of the Buchenwald documents before writing today’s post, and conveniently “forgot” to hit send so she was not able to look at them in time. But they really need little translation.

When Corry and I spoke about discovering Vitali’s fate, she hoped that I would feel a sense of closure, that I would feel better no longer wondering why he never contacted his family if he survived. At this point, I guess it’s good to know that he didn’t desert his family. Still, it’s hard to let go of the dream my family held for so long and accept that the life of this smart, resourceful man was cut short in this awful way.

I’m glad that at the same time that I was discovering evidence of Vitali’s death, I found more information about his life in Vienna through newspaper articles (see yesterday’s post). He was much more than a victim or a statistic.

After learning about Vitali’s fate, I began thinking about my grandmother’s time in Istanbul. She arrived there in April 1945, about the time Vitali would have been marched out of Buchenwald. She remained in Istanbul for an entire year, boarding the SS Vulcania on April 14, 1946 and arriving in the U.S. on April 26. The Jewish period of mourning is twelve months. Unknowingly, my grandmother spent the entire year after Vitali’s death in his birthplace. There seems something sadly poetic about that.

August 23

Finding my way to Vitali

The past few years of delving into my family history have been a fascinating journey. I’ve learned a huge amount, done a lot of research, discovered a new and unusual avocation, and met and reconnected with a lot of wonderful people along the way. This summer has been no exception. I continue to find new documents and articles that paint a fuller picture of my family. For most of the year, I have concentrated on my grandmother. Over the past month, I’ve found myself focusing more on my grandfather.

One of the most unexpected discoveries has been that my quest to learn more about my family is somehow inextricably linked to my learning about and doing hand analysis. I make the most progress when I am involved in both. Often my grandmother’s papers lead me to my grandfather, while my grandfather’s metaphysical pursuits lead me back to my grandmother. Apparently, neither of my grandparents wants to be ignored.

In seeking to learn more about my grandfather, a few years ago I decided to look into hand reading, one of the only things I knew about him. I found my way to Richard Unger and hand analysis through a newspaper article about Josef Ranald which my grandmother had saved – see the January 19 post. During my training with Richard, I had to read at least 100 hands. A few years ago, a friend brought together a few of her friends to get me more hands to read. It turned out that one of the people there was a relative on my grandmother’s side whom I had never met!

During the pandemic, I’ve read a few hands and continued learning about hand analysis by attending Zoom classes with Richard and other much more experienced hand analysts who had been trained by Richard or his graduates over the past 30 years. Earlier this summer, I had a conversation with one of Richard’s former (and current) students, Jena Griffiths, a master hand analyst in Zurich. When I mentioned my theory that Vitali may have known Josef Ranald, she suggested I research Ranald to see if I could find anything. There wasn’t much to find. But my search led me to a fascinating article by Ranald’s granddaughter, Caroline Ranald Curvan. I emailed Caroline and we had a marvelous conversation, granddaughter to granddaughter.

Caroline mentioned that several years earlier she had been approached by Alexandra Nagel, a doctoral student in the Netherlands who was writing her doctoral dissertation on German psychochirologist Julius Spier. Per Alexandra, a psychochirologist was “a Jungian type of hand-analyst. He lived in Amsterdam from the beginning of 1939 until his death in September 1942, having legally fled his home country.” Alexandra and I had a great conversation and have emailed back and forth quite a bit. Early on, she sent me a Viennese newspaper article that mentioned Vitali, in a non-metaphysical context – in 1934 he gave a lecture (in Italian!) at a social club on the subject of “old and new Turkey”:

From Neues Wiener Journal 25 April 1934, p10

From Neues Wiener Journal 25 April 1934, p10


Earlier this month, I attended the 2021 IAJGS International Conference on Jewish Genealogy. This is the second conference I’ve attended, both of them virtual. The amount of information and number of people involved in genealogy is amazing. I learned a great deal and found new resources. At one session we were encouraged to do newspaper research through the Austrian national library. I have translations of newspaper articles and have wondered how to find them. I have no citation for some translated articles and sometimes the articles do not refer to my grandfather by name – calling him Mr. C or something else impossible to search for. Inspired by Alexandra’s success, I decided to brave the archive myself, despite my lack of German. Incredibly I actually found a few things! I realized that it would be helpful to search using a relatively unusual word so I looked for the German word for mandrake root – “Alraunen”. In addition to a number of unrelated articles, I found one that is similar to a photo I have in the archive — I didn’t realize it had been taken for use in a publication. As often happen when I do not have a translation or have inadequate information, I create a story for myself about the item. In this case I decided Vitali had the photo taken in 1938 or 1939 to be included in his “portfolio” for coming to the U.S., showing that he had a successful business which could be transferred to San Francisco. Instead, this photo was taken in 1934 for an article about mandrake root!

Photo on left from my archive; photo on right from Wiener Magazin 8 November 1934 p42

Photo on left from my archive; photo on right from Wiener Magazin 8 November 1934 p42


I also found an advertisement for mandrake root sales at my grandparents’ shop:

From Mocca 7 January 1934 p 86

From Mocca 7 January 1934 p 86

Translation from Google Translate: “Mandrakes: A meaningful Christmas and New Years present. Real mandrakes are sold from a well-known collection. Get yourself a lucky mandrake now. Himmelpfortgasse 6 and Stubenring 2” — the latter is the address of my grandparents’ stationery store.


At the IAJGS conference, I attended a workshop given by Yad Vashem, the keepers of the Arolsen Archives in Germany. We saw Helene’s requests for information about Vitali’s whereabouts, including one made to the International Tracing Service ITS and to Arolsen, Germany in 1955 in the June 21 and August 21 posts. In the week before the workshop, I looked at the Arolsen archives and found some documents related to Vitali. After the workshop, I searched again and found even more. These will be the subject of tomorrow’s post.

Warning: tomorrow’s post may be difficult to read.

August 22

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

On July 11, we saw letters written in 1950 and 1953 from Helene’s friend in Vienna named Paula. She kept Helene’s hope alive for Vitali’s survival. Today’s letter from 1952 is signed by Pauline. Before the letters were translated, I thought Paula and Pauline were different people, but all refer to her daughter Annemiechen.  

LT.0598.1952.JPG

Vienna, 22. August 1952

Dear Helene!

Excuse that we are only writing to you today and not before, but we couldn’t do it before because we had lost your address and we had to wait for your letter to come. We thank you for sending the dear package. Annemiechen was really happy because a package came from Tante Helene. That caused such joy for her, as you can imagine.

Don’t worry about Vitali. He is living safe and sound in Turkey and we believe he will come to Vienna in the next months. You can fully believe in his return. He knows where you and the children are. If he shows up here first, we will let you know right away. So believe in it and don’t let yourself get discouraged, one day he will be there.

We couldn’t explain why you were silent for so long and thought maybe you were somewhere else, that you had moved or that you were sick. Perhaps you would have thought what do I need friends in Vienna for, it’s probably best if I let them go one at a time or something like that.

Now you have written again and we are happy you are still thinking of us. We are sorry to hear that you’ve had such a hard lot, but believe it will eventually go better for you. When Vitali is there, you will be finished with your troubles. It is the same there as it is here, people who work have nothing but burden and the other ones have the money.

The number of unemployed is increasing constantly here. The prices are awful, especially for food. The taxes are high and they keep going up so that a worker cannot really afford much. Then business doesn’t work very well either, because the main consumer, the worker, cannot buy anything. All the political considerations in the world do not work out to our advantage, because we are living on loans from other countries. What is said to us from the west, the east takes away so that nothing remains for us except debt. It is really not nice to live here right now. Maybe later a better time will come, but right now it’s really not interesting to live here.

Annemiechen is almost as tall as her mother and she is studying hard. She now has 2 more years of school and she will be glad when this time is over. She is a good girl, but she’s not really enthusiastic about going to school.  

Pauline seems very calm and she was so happy to get your letter and is expecting further reports from you. You haven’t written anything for a long time, so you must have quite a bit to tell. We in any case will all be happy when we hear from you and get a longer report.

We are sending this letter from to you from our neighbor land. You must know that we still have censorship and that no letter comes from a foreign country or goes to a foreign country without censorship.

Don’t research where Vitali is - he is living under another name and doing so might be a disadvantage for him. He didn’t do well at first but now his living conditions have taken a turn for the better. We hope that he will not have to remain missing too much longer and that he will show up either here with us or come to you soon.

We are sending a picture of Annemiechen at her confirmation which was 2 years ago. She is now wearing her mother’s clothes and her mother is wearing the old well-worn rags, because she only wants the new ones. Normally it’s the other way around - the children wear the old rags from their parents.

Elsa is over there also and is telling horror stories about Pauline. How much did Pauline help her after the war and gave her dollars so that she would have some money on the trip and as a way of thanks, she said that she helped Pauline so much. There are many of her relatives who do not want to see her in Austria anymore because she’s been so insincere.

We hope to hear very soon from you and wish you all the best. Most sincere greetings from all of us

Your
Pauline


Living in Vienna after the war continues to be difficult – poverty, censorship, few opportunities. Paula/Pauline has had a difficult life and feels betrayed by those she had helped. As she begins to refer to herself in the third person, my mistrust of her assurances about Vitali’s situation grows. Paula/Pauline has suffered a lot of trauma over the years, and who knows what is real for her anymore?

August 21

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

In the June 21 post, we saw several attempts by Helene from 1947-1955 to find out what had happened to Vitali at the end of the war. Today we have a few more letters, this time from 1947 and 1949. She never lost hope that her husband was still alive.

In the earlier post, the form dated July 7, 1947 was addressed to Georg Weil who was writing from Frankfurt on Helene’s behalf. I do not know who he was but from the August 30, 1947 letter below, it appears that he and Helene had a personal connection.

LT.0575.1947.JPG

Dear Mrs. Cohen,

We were happy to receive your letter of August 21 and to see that we really were able to help you by taking away a small amount of your troubles. Now we just have a sincere desire to find your husband.  That has not happened yet. However, every morning at 9:15 on all radio stations in Germany, we now hear reports of missing persons.  We have asked to have your husband’s name mentioned in these reports.  If he has perhaps already left Germany, possibly someone knows something about him. We hope so.

My wife and I send you warm greetings.

Georg Weil


From August 17, 1949 via the Zionist Organization of America in San Francisco to the Jewish Agency for Palestine in Jerusalem:

LT.0577.1949.JPG

Subject: Inquiry into whereabouts of Haim Cohen
Nationality: Turkish
Last Place of Residence: Seidlgasse 14 Vienna, Austria
Born: 1888
Place of Birth: Istanbul, Turkey
Migrated to Austria: 1919

Gentlemen:

I have last seen the above, my husband, in October 1943, when I was transported to Ravensbruck, while he was arrested and interned in Buchenwald. I received his last letter in February, 1945 from Buchenwald.

I have received on July 7, 1947 information from the I.R.C. Search Tracing Division in Wiesbaden that my husband was registered in Buchenwald under the number 31452, that the reason for his imprisonment was “political”.

Last information available: “Alive in camp at time of liberation.”

Inasmuch as my husband does not know of my whereabouts, I am most anxious to have him traced wherever there might be a chance to find him. Ther eis still hope that he might have entered Israel recently.

I would be extremely grateful to you if you could conduct an inquiry as to whether this is the case and have me informed. 

Should you desire any further information I would only be too pleased to furnish it. 

I wish to thank you heartily in anticipation for the trouble you are taking.

Yours very respectfully,
Helene Cohen

Without the computer and telecommunications tools we have today, somehow people found each other after the war. There were millions of pieces of papers in disparate locations around the globe. In the first letter above, we see that one method of searching was to name missing persons on the radio. Amazing that anybody found anyone. Helene’s requests went to organizations around the globe.

August 20

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a letter from Helene to her children in San Francisco. Mail continues to be unreliable and is all that she lives for.

LT.0142.1940 (1.2) front.jpg

Vienna 20, August 1940

My dear children. The heavens have opened up completely and are sending huge amounts of rain on us as if it had been paid for and new rain clouds would be bought. I have only seen this much rain in my life when we went on vacation in the Salzkammergut or the Semmering area but long long ago. The postal worker looked up from her coat that she was wearing while riding a bike. She had quite a few letters hidden under there, kind of like a spinning top. My face looked like I suspected that among those many, many letters I might get quite a few from you. But there was nothing for me, not even a magazine which was a good thing because I would have gone crazy or had murder on my conscience. Papa’s consolation that other people have a right to letters too is plausible, but that’s not very comforting. I still haven’t heard from Harry since the 10th of June. Can you imagine that? I really try to keep calm but this is too much. Instead, I end up whining about not getting any mail, not that it does any good. Paul and the other ones have nothing to say and Everl’s reports are getting more infrequent and shorter. I really don’t know what to do anymore. I don’t want to be a problem to you but it’s really awful to live with such insecurity.

We are doing okay and the only thing we lack is mail from you. You don’t need to worry about us at all. We are not worried either and our deus ex machina is still working for us and of course he has no influence on your letters. That’s not really his department, unfortunately. The letters I have from you I have read through again and I have noticed that there aren’t that many. It’s not about the quantity of course, but one tends to think in absurd ways when one is so dependent on mail.

It’s so dark now that I have turned the light on even though it’s mid-day. I can’t believe where all this water is coming from. It must have rained an entire ocean already.

Vienna 21 August 1940

Oh my dear ones, my dear, dear children. Fortunately, I didn’t finish this letter yesterday, and now that I have just received Everl’s letter from August 6 it will be easier for me to continue writing. Of course, the previous letter once again did not arrive. The last one which we received was July 17 and just contained a mention that you had applied for “free station” [housing?] and some pocket money in order to wait for the wife and children to return. But Everl turned that down for moral reasons. Harry hasn’t sent anything (since the 10th of June!) and we are happy that Everl in her last letter did mention him so we have proof that he is alive and presumably that he is all right. Feuchtersleben once said that one has not figured out exactly at one point of disturbance of the soul insanity begins. In my case however, it wouldn’t have been any doubt - even a lay person would have been able to figure out that I am not even borderline anymore. Everl’s letter has strengthened my backbone and now the psychiatrists can argue about me.

The lively description of Mill Valley and the region reminds us that we saw some pictures of this area a long time ago. In fact, we saw how a primeval forest giant was cut down and the wood from this was transported in many, many different truck trips to the valley. It was mentioned that the wood from just one of these trees is enough to build a city and provide furniture for the homes. I thought in those days: well, I’ll just get a little branch, bring it home, and then I can replace our furniture in Vienna. Eva, who has artistic talent, and Harry, who’s good with his hands, will manage to turn that branch into a nice little home. Also, they showed how three cars could fit quite nicely driving through such a primeval forest, if they were crazy enough to try something like that. Now you know why we like to go to the movies so much. The fact that Everl happened to run into the chamber singer “F” shows that you wild ones are just better people.

I beg you if there is time to write to me in great detail. It’s so much easier to feel that I am with you in that case. Since you’ve been over there, I’ve only dreamed of you; but in the last few weeks, I’ve dreamed only of infirm people, most of whom are not even alive anymore. I don’t really feel that great in such company.

That’s all for now and I send kisses.
Think of me.
Mutti


According to some scholars, Feuchtersleben was a precursor to Freud, although the latter made no mention of the former in his writing.

It is interesting to learn the vision of California and America that was available through movies and newsreels around the world.

August 19

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a letter from Eva and Harry to their cousin Paul Zerzawy in New York. Paul wrote an illegible note in pencil at the top of the page – it appears that he received the letter on September 2. Eva wrote her part of the letter in German, while 15-year old Harry wrote his in English.

 From Eva:

Screen Shot 2021-08-17 at 6.50.22 AM.png

19. VIII. 39.

Dear Paul,

I’m glad there is someone who is even lazier about writing than the Cohen family.  It can be nice to make yourself (seem) interesting by not writing, but too much of that is unhealthy.  The reason I am breaking my long silence is:  We want to announce our arrival to you.  We will board the ship on September 1 and then arrive in New York on the 7th.  I wonder if the Statue of Liberty will be so emotional about the fact that we are finally on American soil that she will no longer be able to stand.  But maybe she has, by chance, already found out this news and can handle the great joy.

Everything is still the same here.  The parents are still waiting for their visas.  It will have to happen soon, though, since the process was started in Istanbul five weeks ago.  I think they will leave Europe almost as soon as the children do.

Greetings and kisses,
Eva


In English from Harry:

 

Screen Shot 2021-08-17 at 6.48.04 AM.png

Vienna, August 19th 1939.

Dear Paul,

I thank you very much for the letter you had in mind to write to us. Mother every day says; “What has happened to Paul, that he doesn’t drop us a line? Is he perhaps ill?” If you have been kidnapped by gangsters, please write us without delay and give us a detailed report. Yesterday I read in an English newspaper about kidnapping on light day. Thereof comes my supposition.

When I left Vienna for Turkey my weight was 75kg; on leaving Istanbul my weight was sixty.

“Ja, das macht die Luft Luft Luft“

Now I’m as slender as a racing horse. Can you imagine it? You’ll be astonished when you’ll see me.

Aren’t you thrilled by the speed we got our visa? It’s a record, indeed; it took only more than a year.

The American-Vice-Consul in Istanbul has been very kind; he even wished us a good trip and good luck. So the physician who examined us. I’ll write them a card.

Yours as ever
Your cousin clever
Harry.


According to Wikipedia, the song Harry cites is Berliner Luft by Paul Lincke. I would like to think that the family sang this song with cousin Paul accompanying them on the piano during their musical soirees in Vienna.

In German and English, Eva and Harry express the same sentiments with similar humor – the ever-present refrain about letter writing, the promise of America, optimism for the future. Eva sounds very grown up and responsible - she’s already had to manage the trip with Harry to Istanbul and back. It is wonderful to hear my mother’s voice in this letter — her wry sense of humor and huge sense of responsibility werre the same at 18 as it was at 80. 

Harry’s English is very good, although not as good as in the letters he wrote in the army a few years later. In August 1939, Harry has not yet lived in an English-speaking country and has gleaned most of his knowledge from reading English newspapers and listening to the BBC on the radio. Throughout his life, Harry was fascinated by foreign language newspapers. Whenever my mother Eva traveled anywhere, she would bring him back a newspaper. He was thrilled when he got a computer and was able to read newspapers from around the world.

Although Eva sends the date of their anticipated arrival in September, they did not board a ship until a month later. Like their parents in 1941, there were multiple tickets and dates for departure. Fortunately for the children, one of the attempts was successful. Presumably each of these arrangements cost the family money, draining their ever dwindling resources.

We saw drawings and photos of Harry’s physical transformation in the June 6 post.

August 18

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a third letter from Harry – clearly he was catching up on correspondence. Apparently he had used up or no longer has access to the Fort Warren stationery he used for the letters posted on August 16  and 17. It is interesting to see what he writes to different members of his family about the same experience.

LT.0952.1943 (1.4) P1 front.JPG

August 17, 1943

Beloved Sister,

Many thanks for your letter of July 23rd.

Excuse my writing in pencil, the reason for which is the fact that I am operating under actual field conditions now. That means that a lot of accommodations (with which we were overspoiled at Ft. Warren) have been cut out – the only thing for me to do here is to go to the post movie or to San Bernardino. There are no tables to write letters no, no ink – just sand. Sand is everywhere: in and around my tent, as far as the eye can see, in my meals, in coffee, and in my mouth every morning.

This post is a Desert Training Center; the name of it and of certain places here, such as Mecca, Sahara, Gobi, and Indio, will give you an idea of the heat and other things.

Before I came here I stayed in Indio for a couple of days, at a small replacement camp. Well, when we arrived there at midnight the thermometer read 125°. The following morning I woke up sweating; I started sweating just rolling my eyes – such an effort! In addition to the heat P-38 type mosquitoes bothered me all the time. You may not know it but there are two kinds of things that make me feel like running amok, namely heat & mosquitoes and flies buzzing around me. You can imagine what a combination of those things would arouse in me. The two days in Indio were miserable ones, indeed. I like it here in S.B. much better in as far as the nights are nice and cool and there are only flies and ants pestering me – no P-38’s!

We drive around in convoys getting used to heat and lukewarm drinking water. Burrrr.

Well, I am certainly glad that you and Tillie finally understand each other. Say, on your visiting tours did you ever look up the Fulda’s? If you didn’t, maybe you can do it now. I’ve been thinking about something to send them. Any suggestions? How is Paul getting along in regards to his health? Give my regards to the Travis’s, a.s.o.

I hope I get my three-day pass pretty soon so that I can see you before I go across (rumors are going around to that effect). When I’m over there you’ll be receiving V-mail; isn’t that just too, too wonderful and exciting? 

While I was in Indio, I decided to drink a Tom Collins (the heat, you know) and went to one of the two drinking spots of that town – the Hawaiian Club. They soaked my half a dollar & forgot to put the gin in. That’s what I get for drinking.

Well, that’s all.
Your loving soldier
Harry

P.S. What do sheets look like and what is a pillow?
P.P.S. I don’t think I sent you any of the popular songs yet. Here they are.


We saw an example of and learned about V-Mail in the February 3 and March 14 posts.

Harry uses the acronym “a.s.o.” for “and so on” which I hadn’t seen before. It is reminiscent of the German “u.s.w” which means the same thing. I wonder whether he was giving a subtle wink to his sister of their shared past. Helene mentioned the Fuldas in several of her letters and we have a photo of her with the patriarch of the family in the February 18 post. They had provided financial assistance in the unsuccessful attempt to bring Helene and Vitali to the U.S. in 1941.

Harry isn’t referring to real mosquitoes in his letters, but to fighter planes. He confused the names of two different brands of planes: the American Lockheed P-38 Lightning and the British de Haviland DH.98 Mosquito. The link takes you to a video of the two planes flying together. The Smithsonian has a video about the design of the P-38.

It appears that Harry was stationed at Camp Young, which according to the BLM Desert Training Center brochure was quite close to Mecca.

August 17

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today soldier Harry Lowell is writing to Tillie and Julius Zentner, who were instrumental in bringing Harry and his sister Eva to the U.S. in 1939. As with yesterday’s post to the Firestones, the letter is written on US Army stationery from Fort Francis E. Warren, but sent from California. 

LT.0954.1943 (1.6) P1 front.JPG

August 15, 1943

Dear Aunt Tillie & Uncle Julius,

First of all I want to thank you for the candy you sent me.

Now I’ll proceed to tell you about the happenings of the past few weeks. After I finished my schooling I had work detail after work detail, shoveling coal, doing carpenter work, fixing automatic heaters, and also goldbricking a bit for two weeks. During that time I expected to get my furlough or to be shipped out any day; every day I hoped to get my orders the following day.

When I finally received my shipping orders and found that I was going to California my happiness knew no end. Another fellow from Michigan was to go with me. I gave him a long sermon about the beauties of California and praised it so much that the Chamber of Commerce would have given me a pin for outstanding performance would they have heard my propaganda.

We had quite a trip from Cheyenne through Colorado, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico to California. The trains were over-crowded; the people were standing or sitting on the floors and in addition to the crowds, heat made the journey almost unbearable.

Fortunately, the Army issued us pullman tickets which were good in case there were any vacancies. As I was put in charge of the two of us, I went to work in order to get a berth. After long waiting and fighting, I finally got a lower berth (for two). Having a pullman was worth the dollar which helped obtain seats in the air-cooled car. I was very lucky, indeed, because right after I got the seats two officers also tried to bribe the porter. It was without luck, however.

We got off the train at Indio, a very, very hot place, and stayed there for three days until we got transportation to San Bernardino. This place is a Desert Training Center to toughen up the men. I guess you know how hot it gets down here. The fellow from Michigan is very much disappointed and I can’t make him believe that the scenery is beautiful up north. When I talked about California I didn’t figure on this desert at all. I’ll write the Chamber of Commerce to give this part of the state to Arizona or Mexico.

We got a physical examination the other day. The rumors are that those check-ups are prior to overseas duty. But I have learned to ignore all rumors and to believe only what I see.

This truck company consists of men from the East only – New York, Maine, etc. I am pretty lucky being so close to home. I hope to get a three day pass in the near future which will enable me to spend a day in S.F. 

Hilda wrote me in one of her letters that Triangle Produce Co. burned down. How did that happen? It’s too bad about all the produce that went to waste. Is it going to be rebuilt in the same place? I bet Mr. Williams was quite busy worrying.

Is Jules still in Sacramento?

I made a trip to Yuma, Arizona the other day and through the Imperial Valley; the scenery was rather monotone – desert everywhere you look. The heat was almost unbearable; while driving I kept thinking about icebergs, penguins, and cold orange juice. That helped quite a bit. A new regulation forbids us to stop on the road to get a cold drink or food; if the M.P.’s catch us doing it we get restricted to the company area for two weeks – and that’s no fun.

Well, that’s all for today. I hope everybody is fine.

Yours sincerely, Harry

P.S. Will you please tell me all about the Triangle Produce Co. disaster? Thank you.


More information about Julius Zentner can be found in the May 26 post. According to the July 19, 1943 issue of the Sacramento Bee, there was a fire at the Triangle Produce Co. on July 17 and Harold E. Williams was the manager of the company.

August 16

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

In the posts of July 30 and August 3, Harry mentions that a friend in southern California sent him a subscription to National Geographic. I wondered how he knew people in southern CA. Today’s letter to Hilda and Nathan Firestone answers that question. Although Harry is writing on Ft. Warren stationery from Wyoming, he has finished his training and is writing from southern California. Never one to waste anything, he must have stocked up on writing paper in case there wouldn’t be any where he was headed.

LT.0953.1943 (1.4) P1 front.JPG

August 15, 1943

Dear Hilda & Nathan,

Thank you very much for both your letters.

I am attached to a truck company now whose task it is to transport supplies and troops in combat zones as soon as we get across. The outfit I was supposed to be assigned to had moved overseas already when I arrived here. It took almost two weeks to get permission from headquarters to let me stay with this company.

This camp, 8 miles from San Bernardino, is one of the many Desert Training Centers there are in southern California.  Names of places like Sahara Desert, Gobi Desert, Mecca, Indio, etc. will give you an idea of the heat we have here. A couple of days ago I drove to Yuma, Arizona and back. The oranges I had in the truck tasted like hot orangeade and the water in my canteen could have been used to shave with. 

We get up in the morning with a mouthful of sand and cuss words. As we are on field rations now, we get powdered eggs (with sand, bread, coffee, Wheaties, and fruit. (breakfast) At lunch we get canned stuff (with more sand) and fruit. For dinner we are served some more sand (with canned food).

As you know, I have been cheated out of a furlough which I was supposed to get in Wyoming. I may be able to get a three-day pass in the near future which will enable me to stay in S.F. for a bit more than a day. Then I’ll have to do a lot of running around, maybe I can swipe a jeep and bring it with me.

The reason that I was able to send Paul the rations was that I mooched them from some pals who refused to eat them. (They went to town and had a steak dinner.)

When I get my pass, I’ll wire you immediately. I’ll be looking forward to your cooking, indeed. Please, be sure to add a pinch of sand, a pinch of dust, and half a handful of red ants (diameter 5/16”) to everything you cook to preserve my good health. The lack of the above-mentioned ingredients might cause me discomfort.

Well, I guess that’s all for today. I hope I’ll be seeing you soon.

Sincerely,
Harry

P.S. Would you like me to get some sand fleas for Mouffle?


We saw a photograph of Mouffle with Harry and Eva in the June 20 post.

Harry was one of the most optimistic people I have ever known. He often spoke about how lucky he had been in life. Given his and his family’s losses and life experiences, I so admired his outlook. One of the things he felt most fortunate about was that he did not ship out to Europe with his original unit, as he mentions in this letter. Because of transportation issues, he and a fellow soldier took much longer to get to their destination and the unit left without them. Harry told me that most of his original unit died soon after arriving in Europe. I had always thought it strange that the U.S. Army would have sent a native German speaker to serve in the South Pacific. Apparently it was because of missed connections.

August 15

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today’s letter from Helene to her children was sent together with the one we saw yesterday to her nephew Paul Zerzawy. This is the 46th letter she has sent since she started numbering her letters in late 1939.

LT.0141.1940.jpg

Vienna, 15, August 1940

My dear children! Today you will all have to suffer from my bad mood. “Bad mood” is not the correct expression for the feeling of apathy and stupor and emptiness which the lack of reports from and about Harry has triggered in me, and I hope every hour that our protector spirit will release me from this uncertainty. This seems like hell to me, this kind of entertainment, compared to the fears that I currently have about Harry. I absolutely do not want to transfer my dark mood onto you, but it’s impossible for me to write in any other way when I am in pain about you. I know this letter will get me quite a telling off from Eva. I wish I had that already. I’m used to everything possible and even impossible. My parched brain has not found a plausible explanation, not even Vischers’ explanation: the malice or spite of the object can be comforting to me, because your letters are something abstract, thoughts and the bogeyman I would like to meet who would dare to get between you and me. But one thing you must promise me - do not ever keep anything, not even the smallest thing, from me; it puzzles me that Eva’s last two letters don’t have a single word about Harry. When I pick up your letters and take them in my hand, I always find a light-hearted criticism of the other. I would be happy if I could have some sort of assurance that my fears are without basis and I will then be glad to ask you to forgive me if I have caused you any dark hours through my fearful lines that I am writing. My entire thought process and that for which I strive has really always been to spare you any such troubles. You will realize that one only figures these things out through one’s own experience. I would be very glad to take these tortures onto myself if I could be sure that that would help you and that you would therefore have no worries about when you one time have children yourselves and are in a similar situation. My writing is kind of confused today, so please give me a break. Everything is the same here. The weather is cool and dark, it’s kind of unreliable, it’s like April. I don’t really care about this. My lifestyle is the same whether it’s nice or whether it is raining. I am only happy when I get regular news from you. The citrus fruits that we are seeing in the market make me think that fall is coming very, very soon and that the summer which this year was really only a few days will be finished soon and will give way to a long lasting winter. Cozy hours by the fireplace are for me just like concepts out of old trashy books when I don’t have you here to share them with me. My sense of reality celebrates orgies in the cold time of the year.

I ask you and I asked Paul the same thing – to send greetings to Zentners, Schillers, and Firestones, and also to Sol Goldberg. Don’t forget to do this please. If you get this letter, maybe the vacation time is already over. I am curious what’s going on with Eva’s plan for nursing school or for the study of chemistry and whether it will come out the way she predicts. Little Harry still has the last compulsory year ahead of him.

While I’m talking to you – if I can call this conversation – I am feeling a little calmer and now I almost have a feeling that I will soon get mail from you which will make me happy and then I will soon regret having let myself go in this way with you.

Papa is the strictest censor, who know if he will even send this letter?

Keep me in your thoughts!

Your mother
Helene

Thank you for the card!


Helene continues in her melancholy mood of the previous day. She can’t help but imagine the worst when she has no news from her children.

These letters give me a deeper understanding of my mother Eva, who took on the duty of writing regularly to her parents. Her brother Harry was a less reliable correspondent. No matter how often Eva wrote, it wasn’t enough (couldn’t ever be!) and didn’t include what her mother most wanted to know. Of course, what Eva couldn’t control was the fact that she and her brother were separated from their parents and nothing in the world could fix that. My mother was always worried about doing the right thing and instilled in me an immense sense of responsibility. It probably was already part of her make-up, but these experiences intensified the trait.

In 1941, Helene again will cite Vischer’s philosophy in a letter we saw on February 5.  

August 14

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today’s letter is from Helene to her nephew Paul Zerzawy in San Francisco.

LT.0140.1940.jpg

Vienna, 25 August 1940

Dear Paul! What situation are we living in to be able to expect a letter from you? Maybe you are reading more bitterness into this sentence than I had originally intended. Read it like “daddy buy me a pair of pants.” Maybe it’s a categorical imperative or maybe it’s a beseeching request. I leave it to you to figure out the tone of this music. You must know best what key you react to best and in which kind of emphasis I could hope to thank you for a letter. Although Eva really is good about writing, maybe there’s a lack of paper as I could see from the recent content of a past letter. And of course, the now so popular delay in delivery I see how a two week break in letters could happen. I am more than worried about the lack of letters from Harry and I really can’t explain the reason for this to myself. The facts don’t add up for me. Does he need something? If he needs something, of course he should just let us know. If he writes, his letters would have to get here even if they came late. If he perhaps only sent illustrated letters and drawings which I really can’t imagine, is that the explanation why we have not heard anything from my boy for 2 months? The last letter of Eva only had 7 censorship numbers, it used to be 2. Even if that’s the cause for the delay, there would have to be some mail when things are going right. I ask you therefore in all seriousness to reassure me and help me escape the hell of my thoughts. Also, I ask you to please let me know immediately what you hear from Robert. I already know that you have had an answer to your telegram. Nothing, Paul, nothing, can justify such a long period not writing, not even having to work 24 hours a day, which I imagine is not the norm. I also can’t imagine that you don’t have any money for stamps. You could however get together with Eva and write a letter as you did, sending it along with hers. For simplicity’s sake and to save money, I am writing the letter along with the children to Bertha’s address so excuse me. Nothing new is to be said about us. It wouldn’t matter anyway. Our health is in decent condition. If Tillie, Bertha and Hilda had any imagination of how I live, they would also write more. I am so thankful for all the dear and good things they do for you and the children, I ought to be satisfied with it since I would owe them even more thanks if they were to write to me. Everyone has his own thing to do and it is unreasonable to demand that you enter the psyche of another person. In my case it’s probably not even possible. There’s a line from one of your favorite songs, Feldeinsamkeit. This expresses how I feel - it is as if I had died a long time ago. A very strange combination of ideas. When I hear this song or think about it or even hum it, I think about the bouquet of Dürer and I think of a hands study which I once bought at the Dürerhaus. Both reproductions were taken away from me in Rosenheim (1918) since it was forbidden to take printed material over the border at that time. The silhouette of Salzburg that soon appeared helped me get over the loss; that is, for that moment I often thought that I might have been able to replace these items, especially that beautiful bony hand which reminded me so much of that of my father. And so I imagine the hand that used to rest over us and protect us.

I hope I have achieved with this letter that you will sit right down and write to me whatever there is to write. I am giving you the duty to extend my best greetings to Tillie and Julius, Bertha and George, Hilda and Nathan. Prove that you haven’t forgotten us and please reassure me. It’s really, really important. I really need it. With many greetings and kisses I remain

Helen

Paula says hi!


Even in her complaining about a lack of letters, Helene’s humor and love peek through. Hoping to inspire Paul to write at last when mere pleading hasn’t worked, she uses musical analogies to invoke their shared love of music and long-ago musical soirees.

Helene is especially worried about not having heard from her son. She mentions his illustrated letters – we saw the only surviving example in the June 6 post.

Helene refers to a song by Brahms which translates to “Alone in the Fields” — click on the link to read the lyrics.

This is one of Helene’s most bittersweet letters – identifying with the lyrics of a sad song, remembering her father’s/Paul’s grandfather’s hands protecting them decades earlier.

Paul is the only person in her life who would have memories of her father. His brother Robert was too young to remember much if anything. Interesting that her son Harry fashioned his own “newspapers” in his illustrated letters – perhaps inspired by his mother’s tales of growing up in her father’s print shop and newspaper press room.

There are many examples of prints of hands by Dürer. The most famous one appears to be Praying Hands  Perhaps that is the print that was taken away from her. This link takes you to several Dürer works featuring hands. The only bouquet that comes up in a search of Dürer’s complete works is one of violets.  

August 13

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a letter from someone named Baky, a friend from Istanbul. Helene left Istanbul in April and has been in San Francisco for three months.

LT.0558.1946 (1.2) front.JPG
LT.0558.1946 (2.2) back.JPG

Istanbul, August 15/46

My dear friend Mrs. Helene Cohen,

I received your letter and I was happy to read it and to know that you live with your dear children. But I am unhappy for you about your husband. I hope he is alive and you will be glad with him very soon. My dear it is very kind of you to write me all about you and I thank you for it.

You know very well that I am interested in your own happiness. My dear I was always waiting for your letter, and my opinion about you was right. Everybody asked me if I had news from you, adding “she has certainly forgotten you.” I answered “If she writes me or not it’s just the same, I love her the same.”

And now here is your dear very dear letter after long silence, you told me that you are longing for me; honestly? Thanks; you can believe me dear friend that I am longing for you too. I have never forgotten since our last handshake in ? [perhaps Eminönü?] when you told me “Baky; I have the impression that it is not our last interview” but I think San F is so far, is it possible? But near of heart. Now my dear friend you ought to take care of your own health; you have suffered so much in Mme Lovenstein’s and Mme Sarna’s [?] or Dr. L…’s [?] country isn’t it?

My very dear friend, I read with great attention all about your voyage with their disagreements, then your happy meeting of your dear children and all about the life in San Francisco, you said that there is abundance of fruit; you are lucky it is just for you the best food, don’t forget but the best luck is to live with a nice gentleman like your son-in-law.

My dear, time and time again when I come across all your things you gave me I kiss them because I feel that I see your own gay, light and frank face.

You no need going to school, but I think that I need more than you.

Here the same life: from hospital home and from home to hospital, I am working working then I write nothing but English to write you more correctly. Give my best regards to your dear children. My parents send their compliments.

With affectionate kisses I remain yours

Baky

P.S. Dear I couldn’t answer you sooner because I was unwell, excuse me please.
Don’t forget me.


I do not know who Baky was – this is the only letter I have from her and I haven’t seen her name mentioned anywhere else. In the letter posted on March 4, Helene wrote about being hospitalized in Istanbul for a “nervous breakdown.” Baky writes of working at a hospital – I wonder if they met there? I assume that the names I can’t decipher refer to officials at Ravensbrück who caused Helene and others so much suffering.

One thing that strikes me from this and other letters to Helene is how much people seemed to love her – these letters paint a picture of someone endearing, generous, and charismatic. It must have been such a disorienting and disturbing time for everyone – both those who fled and those who stayed: the trauma of the recent war; economic hardship; one’s near and dear ones often spread across the globe with little expectation of ever seeing or connecting with each other again, or certainly not in the intimate way they were used to.

August 12

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

In the August 8 post we saw a letter from Robert Zerzawy written on August 11 in German to his aunt Helene. Today’s letter was written the following day in English to his cousin Eva. Perhaps he wasn’t sure how much German Eva remembered.

LT.0618.1964 (2.2) back.JPG
LT.0618.1964 (1.2) front.JPG

12 August 1964

Dear Eva,

Yesterday I posted a letter to Helen. I didn’t find the time to address you at the same day as I had in mind. I had also first to read over our last correspondence to try and find out where we stopped the last time and how far we are informed about each other in very broad outlines. What I found is a charming letter from you dated 10th April 1963 adorned by a delightful snap of Paul’s of Helen, i.e. Helen-Rose, on her fourth birthday. I just remember with a shock that I completely forgot her birthday in March which is a shame and at the same time symptomatic for my state of mind. We agreed once that our birthdays are useful links in our contact – moral impulses without which there is the risk that any communication might stagnate. Alas, you did not respond to my request for disclosing your exact age – I somehow mislaid the note of your birthday. You didn’t reach the stage where you might wish to conceal it. Which leaves the explanation that you want to protect me from committing myself. That’s nice of you but I take the risk. So please let me know and give us the treble chance to write each other within a calendar year.

My letter to Helen (senior) must have sounded very dry and factual. It is difficult to write if one knows so little about each other’s life, environment and happenings – that’s why I appeal to you to inform me with a few lines about your mother’s health and doings. I trust you will bring me at the same time a little up to date about the Goldsmiths and Lowells in general and Helen Rose in particular. – I wished she could pay me a visit as she wanted to do on a first impulse. We shall have to wait for a few years. Instead of it I got quite some visitors who bring the past back. The other day a couple from Valparaiso turned up whom I had seen in Brüx [now Most] 42 years ago and today a girl phoned to bring me greetings from Hermann Zerzawy from Vienna. She is herself a Zerzawy by birth from the “aryan” lineage around Brünn [now Brno]. – Hilda had unexpectedly sent a Xmas card from San Francisco with a hint that she might come to Europe. I had hoped that she might then bring some news from you but so far she hasn’t turned up. Is she still in San Francisco and what are her latest exploits?

Last not least, I should like to know how you are getting on. In your professional life as well as in the home. And I fear it will mean an effort but I hope you do it all the same.

With my love to you all,

Robert


As with many things in my archive, although this letter refers to another letter, they were found in 2 different locations. My mother Eva kept this letter, which had ended up together with a letter from 1966, so it was only recently that I figured out which pages went with which year. Eva’s brother Harry saved his mother’s correspondence, which included the August 11 letter.

In this letter, Robert speaks of forgetting to send a note on my 4th birthday in March of 1963. I assume he is referring to the photo below taken by my father (who used his middle name Paul in the U.S., just to confuse things).

IMG_5852.jpeg

Robert’s letter tells us that the cousins made a “pact” to mark birthdays in order to make sure they kept in touch –the more birthdays to be celebrated, the more connected they would feel. Yet, here it was, more than a year since their previous contact.

Harry and Eva had far less of a connection to Robert than to his brother Paul. He was more than 20 years older, and never lived in Vienna or the U.S. with them.

It’s nice to see that Robert maintained connections to people from their past. We saw a letter to Hermann Zerzawy in the April 23 post.

August 11

Link to Family Tree to understand family relationships.

Today we have a carbon copy of a letter written by Paul Zerzawy in New York to his aunt Helene in Vienna — you can tell it is a carbon copy because his signature is off kilter on the second page. He arrived in the U.S. in April. This is an interesting artifact because the vast majority of the correspondence in the archive between Helene and her family from 1939-1941 is in one direction. Fortunately, Paul saved a copy of this letter and copies of those written by his cousins Eva and Harry to their parents while they were in Istanbul establishing citizenship (see April 27, April 28, and May 6 posts) so we hear a bit from their perspectives.  

LT.0394.1939 (1.2) front.JPG
LT.0394.1939 (2.2) back.JPG

718 West 178th St., #44                               New York City, 11 August 1939.

Dear Helene!

To divert you from the worries that you have expressed again I will start by telling you that I am doing very well. I am in sort of a summer hibernation mentally because of the climate. I am not inactive – for example, I am taking classes in English and business subjects which take up 5 or 6 hours a day. But with that, my will power and my initiative are totally exhausted. Everything which is not tied to these prescribed hours gets put off to another time. I’m not the only one who feels this way. Most of the New Yorkers are suffering from the heat and humid weather just as much as those who have promised me a position who don’t seem to be able to get it together to make a decision. Because of this I am quite sure that I will, after Arthur gets back from San Francisco at the beginning of September, make my move to San Francisco. The refugee committee here which has pretty much failed to find work for me has at least pledged help for me to pay for the move, since my funds are not enough to pay for the trip and some amount of time of living costs.

About me you need to worry not at all, I’m not worried either. I am only nervous when new arrivals bring reports from different parts of Europe and I wonder how I can possibly enable you and Robert can immigrate here. In order to extend his stay in England or perhaps if it doesn’t work out in England to try and make it here, Robert desperately needs an affidavit. I have not found anyone here and it’s getting harder and harder. But it has to happen and it will. For you two, I will do what I can within my powers. However, there is a problem here and that is the reason why I have to wait to hear your opinion about this, before I speak to Bertha or other people. It has to do with the field in which Vitali is so successful and with which he could certainly earn his livelihood. But there are some legal blocks to that. The laws in the individual states are different. As far as California goes, apparently there, according to a letter that Bertha wrote, anything having to do with astrology or palmistry and such is forbidden. (I have already talked to Bertha and at least hinted around for you, and you may also have expressed your wishes to go to San Francisco.) It is possible that it is not an explicit ban on this, but it may be more like it is in the state of New York where according to my inquiries, general anti-fraud regulations are sometimes used against false prophets/swindlers. Sometimes there are police involved in this. (I will try to find out more exact information about the conditions here and in other places.) Now I don’t need to tell you that I hold Vitali’s talents in very high esteem and that I am sure that he if he were here, he would be able to convince doubters, whether official ones or not, of his abilities as he has done so in Vienna. By the way, even in New York, I know of some cases where this kind of work is in fact accepted, and some people have even put notices in the paper, while other people are not allowed to make any kind of propaganda.

But the risk, whether large or small, will make anyone shy away who might be able to sponsor him if it is not a relative who is particularly interested and wants to bring the immigrant here. As far as non-related sponsors, it is normal procedure that there would be a fee to pay which might be paid over several years and might be several thousand dollars. So really, the only ones who come into question are Bertha or someone in the family, and besides the fact that they believe they have already done their familial duty, and really they have already done quite a bit, they may be afraid of having trouble with the official bureaucracy. In order to mitigate these concerns, it would be good to provide proof that you are able to support yourself by writing. I don’t have any connections myself. There’s no point in going to a newspaper with empty hands. But do try to get some of the articles you’ve written for your work, and of course that doesn’t cost anything. Try to make them sound interesting and you do know the American taste - try to write something that would be appropriate and send it to me. In good English, or if it’s German I could see that it gets translated. If a newspaper accepts this, then you have already won quite a bit. I don’t think I can get an affidavit via a newspaper, but if we did get something published, we might be able to go to the relatives with a little more assurance that you could be successful. Please don’t be angry with me that I’ve burst your bubble [literally, thrown water into your wine], but there is no reason to shut your eyes in the face of the truth. There are problems, but of course they are just there for us to overcome, and doubt would be, as you would put it, a sacrilege.

I don’t think Vitali’s relatives in Istanbul will help you much according to what I know about Eva and Harry’s experiences. Or am I being unfair to them? I was, however, quite horrified when Eva wrote to me that the small amount of money which she has earned by the sweat of her brow she had to pay to them for room and board costs. I was so angry that I was afraid to answer because I was afraid the letter would be censored and it would just hurt the children. If they are not with you again, do please send them all my love. For the time it takes from the ship arrival to the delivery onto the right train to go to San Francisco, which could mean a few days in New York where they can take a rest and maybe take a look at the city, I will certainly take over the costs and the responsibility for them. I owe you some money anyway, for example for the music newsletter, which I got the first issue of but not the subsequent. Just make sure the children come soon while I’m still here. If that doesn’t happen, I will have someone take care of them, most likely Arthur. Those who can issue the affidavit - the Zentners and Firestones - should take out a power of attorney or proxy in my name and send it to me. Or if Arthur is already there, then they can send it to Arthur. It is a good thing if the sponsor or authorized representative is present when they land. What about the cost of the trip to San Francisco?

What I said above about my excuses about not writing is true for relatives whom you may see and to whom I may not have written yet. Keep me informed if it’s not too much trouble for you and you don’t have to pay for postage. Tell me, rather, what I owe you. You may complain to your heart’s content about my rudeness for not having written for so long - but, write! write! write!

Kisses from
Paul

Helene, can you draw the family tree of our American relatives and how they’re related to us once more? Arthur’s version does not correspond with your memories, which seem more accurate to me.


We learn so much from this letter. As usual, Paul’s correspondence is almost all business. It is filled with everything Helene and Vitali need to know and understand to facilitate their children’s and their own journey to America. Vitali’s unusual occupation is a stumbling block.

In the May 22 post, I included testimonials from satisfied clients. Also in that document were translations of several newspaper articles (including the ones in the April 7 and June 29 posts) – after reading this letter, I assume the document was created in response to Paul’s request for writing samples and other things that might convince officials and potential sponsors to help them emigrate.

We see that it was Paul’s responsibility to bring over his brother Robert from England, and his aunt and her family from Europe. This was quite a responsibility given his own lack of resources and limited English. He is doing everything he can and it’s proving extremely difficult.